Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations …
641
were lower in 2030, compared to its counterpart values in 2016. The values of Kc med
were higher in 2030, and the value of Kc end was similar or higher in 2030, compared
to its counterpart values in 2016. This increase in the Kc values, especially in the
middle of the growing season, where maximum growth existed, results in increases
in the required irrigation amounts to satisfy the needs of these crops. Whereas, there
was no change in the values of Kc for fruit crops between 2016 and 2030. This could
be attributed to that fact that fruit trees established ground cover all year long, which
makes it less responsive to weather variation between growing seasons. However, the
projected values of ETc will increase. This increase can be attributed to the expected
rise in weather elements that could lead to a net deficit in atmospheric water content,
consequently excessive evaporation from the soil, water, and plant surfaces.
Rice production in Egypt: The challenges of climate change and water deficiency.
Agricultural soils in North Nile Delta Egypt are vulnerable to water shortage and
climate change. Rice system in this area has higher C and N pools. However, the
area of rice production is expected to decline because of many reasons, such as
establishing Grand Renaissance Ethiopian Dam and climate change. Management
practices should be taken into consideration to avoid such decline in those soils and
consequently decline in SOC, which considers one of the most important methods
to mitigate climate change if sequestered in the soil. Sequestering SOC decline CO 2
in the atmosphere where CO 2 is one of the most important GHG that cause climate
change. Therefore, the attention should be paid for soil C sequestration in the North
Nile Delta Egypt for balancing the excepted decline in C and N, due to reducing rice
cultivation area because of many challenges such as climate change, water deficiency,
and sea level rise, as well for climate change mitigation.
Nanotechnology for real-time control of the Red Palm Weevil (RPW) under
climate change. Control of the RPW is difficult due to the concealed nature of the
life cycle of the pest since palm trees do not show visual evidence of infection until
it is too late for them to recover. The early detection system proposed is based on
acoustic monitoring, as the activity of RPW larvae inside the palm, trunk is audible
for human operators under acceptable environmental noise levels. The sensor can
be installed in a palm tree and can analyze the caught audio signal during large
periods. The results of sound analysis would be accounted wirelessly to a control
station, to be subsequently processed and conveniently stored. It is modified to send
warning messages when predefined alarm thresholds are achieved, thereby enabling
managers to check online the status and evolution of the palm trees. The results imply
the efficiency of the developed system to detect the existence of the RPW through
its feeding sound. Nano-sensors for RPW thermal analysis is efficient to detect the
existence of the RPW through its thermal properties. Nano-minerals were used and
prepared in natural leaves extract to control RPW. Nano-particles of TiO 2 could be
used along with Moringa oleifera extract against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae.
The present study revealed that NME extract drastically decreased developmental
stages of R. ferrugineus. Unlike traditional methods, which are time-consuming, and
labor intensive, this system offers the advantages of keeping the palm trees intact;
reduce costs, as well as saving time and money in the process of pest’s infestation
detection. The compound is a 100% natural solution. It is derived from naturally
641
were lower in 2030, compared to its counterpart values in 2016. The values of Kc med
were higher in 2030, and the value of Kc end was similar or higher in 2030, compared
to its counterpart values in 2016. This increase in the Kc values, especially in the
middle of the growing season, where maximum growth existed, results in increases
in the required irrigation amounts to satisfy the needs of these crops. Whereas, there
was no change in the values of Kc for fruit crops between 2016 and 2030. This could
be attributed to that fact that fruit trees established ground cover all year long, which
makes it less responsive to weather variation between growing seasons. However, the
projected values of ETc will increase. This increase can be attributed to the expected
rise in weather elements that could lead to a net deficit in atmospheric water content,
consequently excessive evaporation from the soil, water, and plant surfaces.
Rice production in Egypt: The challenges of climate change and water deficiency.
Agricultural soils in North Nile Delta Egypt are vulnerable to water shortage and
climate change. Rice system in this area has higher C and N pools. However, the
area of rice production is expected to decline because of many reasons, such as
establishing Grand Renaissance Ethiopian Dam and climate change. Management
practices should be taken into consideration to avoid such decline in those soils and
consequently decline in SOC, which considers one of the most important methods
to mitigate climate change if sequestered in the soil. Sequestering SOC decline CO 2
in the atmosphere where CO 2 is one of the most important GHG that cause climate
change. Therefore, the attention should be paid for soil C sequestration in the North
Nile Delta Egypt for balancing the excepted decline in C and N, due to reducing rice
cultivation area because of many challenges such as climate change, water deficiency,
and sea level rise, as well for climate change mitigation.
Nanotechnology for real-time control of the Red Palm Weevil (RPW) under
climate change. Control of the RPW is difficult due to the concealed nature of the
life cycle of the pest since palm trees do not show visual evidence of infection until
it is too late for them to recover. The early detection system proposed is based on
acoustic monitoring, as the activity of RPW larvae inside the palm, trunk is audible
for human operators under acceptable environmental noise levels. The sensor can
be installed in a palm tree and can analyze the caught audio signal during large
periods. The results of sound analysis would be accounted wirelessly to a control
station, to be subsequently processed and conveniently stored. It is modified to send
warning messages when predefined alarm thresholds are achieved, thereby enabling
managers to check online the status and evolution of the palm trees. The results imply
the efficiency of the developed system to detect the existence of the RPW through
its feeding sound. Nano-sensors for RPW thermal analysis is efficient to detect the
existence of the RPW through its thermal properties. Nano-minerals were used and
prepared in natural leaves extract to control RPW. Nano-particles of TiO 2 could be
used along with Moringa oleifera extract against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae.
The present study revealed that NME extract drastically decreased developmental
stages of R. ferrugineus. Unlike traditional methods, which are time-consuming, and
labor intensive, this system offers the advantages of keeping the palm trees intact;
reduce costs, as well as saving time and money in the process of pest’s infestation
detection. The compound is a 100% natural solution. It is derived from naturally