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E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
anthropogenic processes that contribute greenhouse gases to the atmosphere; fossil
fuels burning and changes in land use. Climate change can significantly affect soil
carbon (C), since changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and CO 2 concentrations
influence C input to the soil, and soil C decomposition. Recently, the impact of
climate change on global SOC stocks has been widely recognized [19]. There are
many different available options, terrestrial carbon sequestration, particularly in the
soil is count as a ‘win–win’ strategy because generally management practices that
lead to increased carbon in the soil also enhance soil fertility. Understanding the
effect of land cover/land use and expected climate change on SOC stocks provides
valuable information to improve approaches to land planning. However, uncertainties
in climate change studies are high, so investigating several scenarios is essential.
2.3 Update on Smart Farming
Seven approaches were acknowledged for using smart farming as a way to mitigate
climate change impacts on agriculture. The first is assessing vulnerability and
enhancing adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. In order to implement
the 2030 Agenda, the international community has endorsed five principles of
sustainable food and agriculture providing a framework for policy dialogue and for
developing appropriate policies, strategies, regulations, and incentives [20]. More
than 40% of the people in the Arab region have already been exposed to drought and
other climatic disasters [21]. Nevertheless, analysis of the impacts of climate change
at the farming system level regarding crop and livestock production and productivity,
as well as the implications that this has for the livelihoods of those dependent on
them will elucidate some of the common trends and challenges. Most of the farmers
live in the areas of mixed cereals-livestock farming systems keep goats, which are
the most vulnerable to climate change after cattle. Their vulnerability comes from
the fact that while the potential impact of climate change on livestock is less than
that on crops, there is limited adaptive capacity for any of them [20].
The second approach used the pollination of flowering plants is one of the most
important ecological services in natural and agricultural ecosystems. The majority
of angiosperm plants rely on animals for pollination. Bees and their life-sustaining
relationships with flowering plants occupy keystone in both natural and agricultural
ecosystems. Given their ecological services, native bee faunas are an important
natural resource that can complement honey bees and other managed pollinators
in their ecosystem services [22]. The decline of some species is well documented
globally due to several reasons such as climate change, lack of natural foraging
resources, an epidemic of some pests and diseases and elimination of nesting habitats;
these declines have been reported worldwide [23].
The third approach utilized the change of agricultural calendar as a response to
climate variability. Climate change often impacts agricultural production indirectly
by affecting the development and distribution of crop pests and animal diseases,
increasing the rate and dissemination of harmful diseases, weather conditions,
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
anthropogenic processes that contribute greenhouse gases to the atmosphere; fossil
fuels burning and changes in land use. Climate change can significantly affect soil
carbon (C), since changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and CO 2 concentrations
influence C input to the soil, and soil C decomposition. Recently, the impact of
climate change on global SOC stocks has been widely recognized [19]. There are
many different available options, terrestrial carbon sequestration, particularly in the
soil is count as a ‘win–win’ strategy because generally management practices that
lead to increased carbon in the soil also enhance soil fertility. Understanding the
effect of land cover/land use and expected climate change on SOC stocks provides
valuable information to improve approaches to land planning. However, uncertainties
in climate change studies are high, so investigating several scenarios is essential.
2.3 Update on Smart Farming
Seven approaches were acknowledged for using smart farming as a way to mitigate
climate change impacts on agriculture. The first is assessing vulnerability and
enhancing adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. In order to implement
the 2030 Agenda, the international community has endorsed five principles of
sustainable food and agriculture providing a framework for policy dialogue and for
developing appropriate policies, strategies, regulations, and incentives [20]. More
than 40% of the people in the Arab region have already been exposed to drought and
other climatic disasters [21]. Nevertheless, analysis of the impacts of climate change
at the farming system level regarding crop and livestock production and productivity,
as well as the implications that this has for the livelihoods of those dependent on
them will elucidate some of the common trends and challenges. Most of the farmers
live in the areas of mixed cereals-livestock farming systems keep goats, which are
the most vulnerable to climate change after cattle. Their vulnerability comes from
the fact that while the potential impact of climate change on livestock is less than
that on crops, there is limited adaptive capacity for any of them [20].
The second approach used the pollination of flowering plants is one of the most
important ecological services in natural and agricultural ecosystems. The majority
of angiosperm plants rely on animals for pollination. Bees and their life-sustaining
relationships with flowering plants occupy keystone in both natural and agricultural
ecosystems. Given their ecological services, native bee faunas are an important
natural resource that can complement honey bees and other managed pollinators
in their ecosystem services [22]. The decline of some species is well documented
globally due to several reasons such as climate change, lack of natural foraging
resources, an epidemic of some pests and diseases and elimination of nesting habitats;
these declines have been reported worldwide [23].
The third approach utilized the change of agricultural calendar as a response to
climate variability. Climate change often impacts agricultural production indirectly
by affecting the development and distribution of crop pests and animal diseases,
increasing the rate and dissemination of harmful diseases, weather conditions,