Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations …
631
or slows down terrestrial microbial community composition and their functions.
The effect of climate change on microorganisms are listed: death and disturbance,
metabolic activity is direct and indirect highly influenced, reduction/stimulation of
biomass, diversity, and composition lead to extinct, having a negative or positive
result on its physiology and greenhouse gas emission. As the temperature increases,
microbial community structures are altered and processes climate change is a
forward direct and indirect effect on speed up or slows down terrestrial microbial
community composition and their functions. Soil-dwelling bacteria and fungi control
the breakdown of organic matter in soil and its release as carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere [12]. Climate warming is expected to accelerate the activity of soil
microbes, stimulating further CO 2 release, and positive feedback to climate change.
A better understanding of microbial processes is likely to improve climate change
predictions [13]. Recent research has thus sought to quantify the consequences
of warming for soil microbes and the carbon cycle processes they govern and to
describe this using metrics such as microbial carbon use efficiency [12]. However,
the relationships between temperature and soil microbes remain inconsistent in both
space and time, preventing consensus on the severity of feedback from microbial
activity to future climate change.
The third influence is through the mapping of Egypt vulnerability to Sea Level
Rise (SLR). The coastal area of the Nile Delta is one of the areas that are most
prone to flooding because of the expected sea level rise. This may be accompanied
by soil subsidence at varying rates, depending on the conditions of each region, the
topographical and geological characteristics, as well as the current protection means
of each area. Most previous studies of the effect of SLR on the Nile Delta region
examine only the assumed SLR range [14]. The potential threats and impacts of SLR
on the southern Levantine sub-basin, including the Nile Delta coast, therefore deserve
greater attention. Moreover, local and global SLR can differ significantly [15, 16]
so regional assessments are needed for risk management, adaptation planning, and
integrated coastal zone management (e.g., BACC [17]).
Fourth inspiration is soil itself as driver and victim of climate change. Egypt is
a country that foresees to face severe effects owing to climate change, although its
share in the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is only 0.57%, and despite the
fact that it is one of the countries that is not required to manage or reduce its emissions
according to Kyoto protocol [18]. Nevertheless, Egypt has considered a national plan
that includes mitigation measures to manage and reduce GHG flux from the major
sectors contributing to the projected climate change which is agriculture, industry
and energy wastes [18]. Soil may consider an important source of greenhouse gas
emissions (i.e., carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides). Soil is also considered
as a victim of climate change. Global warming may induce, depletion of soil organic
matter that causes the decline of soil fertility, poor soil water regime, shifting of soil
microbiome and soil compaction (i.e., increase soil compaction, surface sealing, and
crust formation).
The final control is through soil carbon sequestration for climate change
mitigation. An increasing trend of the atmospheric temperature and global changes
in the weather conditions is indicated as climate change [19]. There are two
631
or slows down terrestrial microbial community composition and their functions.
The effect of climate change on microorganisms are listed: death and disturbance,
metabolic activity is direct and indirect highly influenced, reduction/stimulation of
biomass, diversity, and composition lead to extinct, having a negative or positive
result on its physiology and greenhouse gas emission. As the temperature increases,
microbial community structures are altered and processes climate change is a
forward direct and indirect effect on speed up or slows down terrestrial microbial
community composition and their functions. Soil-dwelling bacteria and fungi control
the breakdown of organic matter in soil and its release as carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere [12]. Climate warming is expected to accelerate the activity of soil
microbes, stimulating further CO 2 release, and positive feedback to climate change.
A better understanding of microbial processes is likely to improve climate change
predictions [13]. Recent research has thus sought to quantify the consequences
of warming for soil microbes and the carbon cycle processes they govern and to
describe this using metrics such as microbial carbon use efficiency [12]. However,
the relationships between temperature and soil microbes remain inconsistent in both
space and time, preventing consensus on the severity of feedback from microbial
activity to future climate change.
The third influence is through the mapping of Egypt vulnerability to Sea Level
Rise (SLR). The coastal area of the Nile Delta is one of the areas that are most
prone to flooding because of the expected sea level rise. This may be accompanied
by soil subsidence at varying rates, depending on the conditions of each region, the
topographical and geological characteristics, as well as the current protection means
of each area. Most previous studies of the effect of SLR on the Nile Delta region
examine only the assumed SLR range [14]. The potential threats and impacts of SLR
on the southern Levantine sub-basin, including the Nile Delta coast, therefore deserve
greater attention. Moreover, local and global SLR can differ significantly [15, 16]
so regional assessments are needed for risk management, adaptation planning, and
integrated coastal zone management (e.g., BACC [17]).
Fourth inspiration is soil itself as driver and victim of climate change. Egypt is
a country that foresees to face severe effects owing to climate change, although its
share in the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is only 0.57%, and despite the
fact that it is one of the countries that is not required to manage or reduce its emissions
according to Kyoto protocol [18]. Nevertheless, Egypt has considered a national plan
that includes mitigation measures to manage and reduce GHG flux from the major
sectors contributing to the projected climate change which is agriculture, industry
and energy wastes [18]. Soil may consider an important source of greenhouse gas
emissions (i.e., carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides). Soil is also considered
as a victim of climate change. Global warming may induce, depletion of soil organic
matter that causes the decline of soil fertility, poor soil water regime, shifting of soil
microbiome and soil compaction (i.e., increase soil compaction, surface sealing, and
crust formation).
The final control is through soil carbon sequestration for climate change
mitigation. An increasing trend of the atmospheric temperature and global changes
in the weather conditions is indicated as climate change [19]. There are two