630
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
need to consider the role of local institutions more centrally if they seek to serve the
needs and interests of the most vulnerable populations better.
The third way is the role of science, technology, and innovation in addressing
climate change challenges in Egypt. Climate change presents opportunities for
development. Linking climate change and development became important to ensure
an increasing resilience of the poorest and most vulnerable communities. It provides
them with the needed tools and technologies, which should be the main task of the
international communities to approach the impact of climate change [7]. Climate
change phenomena are based originally on scientific facts where research tools
are being used to confirm the data and information related to the cause of climate
change as well as its impact. Extensive scientific evidence made it clear that the
main cause of the change in the climate of the past half century is human-induced
increases for greenhouse gases. This scientific opinion is expressed in technical
reports and scientific articles by scientific national and international entities and
by conducting surveys of opinion among climate scientists. Complex, integrated
mathematical models are being used for projecting future climate change. Climate
models are based on well-established physical principles and have been demonstrated
to reproduce observed features of recent climate and past climate changes. Models
can simulate the impacts at the local and global scale, e.g., crop yields, hydrological,
and water quality models [8].
2.2 Update on Land and Water Resources
Five potential impacts were identified to study the effect of climate change on land
and water resources in Egypt. First is the effect of climate change on agriculture,
which has specifically become a global issue due to the ever-growing need to provide
food security and end hunger. The impact is on the whole agro-ecosystem from crops
and livestock to fisheries, which in turn can affect economic stability [9]. Implications
of climate change on agriculture are not only due to the effects on plants but also
due to effects on biogeochemical properties of the soil on which they grow. Not only
does the climate-mediated change in microbiota and their behaviors reduce food
productivity but also it extends to food safety, human health, and economy when soil
microbiota turns toxigenic under the environmental influence. Fungi are the primary
decomposers in the soil. It is implicative that changes in temperature and precipitation
will change the diversity and functionality of fungal communities [10, 11]. Hence, to
find a solution, one has to step back and study the impact. It should address the recent
initiative by the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
(MHESR) to encourage researchers to find solutions to overcome climate change
impacts such as forecasting of future changes in diversity and food productivity,
detecting potential natural disasters, changing building codes, protecting coasts and
delta region.
Second effect is the impacts of climate change on microbial activity in agricultural
Egypt’s soil. Climate change is a forward direct and indirect effect on speed up
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
need to consider the role of local institutions more centrally if they seek to serve the
needs and interests of the most vulnerable populations better.
The third way is the role of science, technology, and innovation in addressing
climate change challenges in Egypt. Climate change presents opportunities for
development. Linking climate change and development became important to ensure
an increasing resilience of the poorest and most vulnerable communities. It provides
them with the needed tools and technologies, which should be the main task of the
international communities to approach the impact of climate change [7]. Climate
change phenomena are based originally on scientific facts where research tools
are being used to confirm the data and information related to the cause of climate
change as well as its impact. Extensive scientific evidence made it clear that the
main cause of the change in the climate of the past half century is human-induced
increases for greenhouse gases. This scientific opinion is expressed in technical
reports and scientific articles by scientific national and international entities and
by conducting surveys of opinion among climate scientists. Complex, integrated
mathematical models are being used for projecting future climate change. Climate
models are based on well-established physical principles and have been demonstrated
to reproduce observed features of recent climate and past climate changes. Models
can simulate the impacts at the local and global scale, e.g., crop yields, hydrological,
and water quality models [8].
2.2 Update on Land and Water Resources
Five potential impacts were identified to study the effect of climate change on land
and water resources in Egypt. First is the effect of climate change on agriculture,
which has specifically become a global issue due to the ever-growing need to provide
food security and end hunger. The impact is on the whole agro-ecosystem from crops
and livestock to fisheries, which in turn can affect economic stability [9]. Implications
of climate change on agriculture are not only due to the effects on plants but also
due to effects on biogeochemical properties of the soil on which they grow. Not only
does the climate-mediated change in microbiota and their behaviors reduce food
productivity but also it extends to food safety, human health, and economy when soil
microbiota turns toxigenic under the environmental influence. Fungi are the primary
decomposers in the soil. It is implicative that changes in temperature and precipitation
will change the diversity and functionality of fungal communities [10, 11]. Hence, to
find a solution, one has to step back and study the impact. It should address the recent
initiative by the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
(MHESR) to encourage researchers to find solutions to overcome climate change
impacts such as forecasting of future changes in diversity and food productivity,
detecting potential natural disasters, changing building codes, protecting coasts and
delta region.
Second effect is the impacts of climate change on microbial activity in agricultural
Egypt’s soil. Climate change is a forward direct and indirect effect on speed up