Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations …
629
2 Update
The following are the major update for the book project based on the main book
theme:
2.1 Update on an Overview of Climate Change in Egypt
Three ways were identified to give us an overall impression of the climate change in
Egypt. The first way through of Paleo-climate evidence in Egypt. Two main processes
can yield the climatic changes; the earth’s internal processes and the extraterrestrial
impacts. Both of them have a strong effect on the earth’s system. The paleoclimatic
change is well preserved in the earth’s sedimentary record and can be reviled by
using multidisciplinary studies including mineralogy, geochemistry, and the fossil
contents. Egypt is a key area of one of the most pronounced climatic changes that
occurred in the earth’s geologic history; the Paleocene Eocene thermal maximum
that used recently as analog for the current warming.
Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the climate variations through
the geologic time such as changes in solar radiance due to the instability of earth’s
Orbital and Milankovitch cycles, change in the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide
or methane) level in the atmosphere [1], or change in the Oceanic thermohaline
circulation. The climate can be affected by two different major processes; internal
processes such as changes in the atmosphere, ice, vegetation, and changes in the ocean
and land surface; and external processes like changes in plate tectonics, change in
the Earth’s orbit, and changes in the intensity of the Sun [2]. The main control on
the paleoclimate was the paleoposition due to the continental drift.
The second way is linked to governance and institutional structure of climate
change in Egypt. There is still a marked lack of support for developing the institutional
capacity and the corresponding mechanisms necessary to address climate variation
at the local level [3, 4]. A cross-cutting issue like climate change, cannot be
managed by one government department or a single ministry. Mainstreaming climate
change into policy decisions requires the consideration of climate change causes and
consequences into non-climate sectors [5]. “Integrated strategies are a relatively novel
approach to govern highly complex issues that involve several sectors and levels of
governance. They are a key tool to foster not only sustainable development but also
environmental policy integration or ecological modernization” [3]. Both of which
are concepts that promote the integration of environmental concerns into sectors
with significant environmental ramifications long before sustainable development
dominated the environmental discourse [6]. In Egypt, despite a stated commitment
to grassroots involvement in climate change adaptation processes and actions, the
actual focus in national adaptation plans is on technical and infrastructure options for
adaptation, with little attention given to the social and institutional context in which
these options operate [4]. Future national-level efforts to develop adaptation plans
629
2 Update
The following are the major update for the book project based on the main book
theme:
2.1 Update on an Overview of Climate Change in Egypt
Three ways were identified to give us an overall impression of the climate change in
Egypt. The first way through of Paleo-climate evidence in Egypt. Two main processes
can yield the climatic changes; the earth’s internal processes and the extraterrestrial
impacts. Both of them have a strong effect on the earth’s system. The paleoclimatic
change is well preserved in the earth’s sedimentary record and can be reviled by
using multidisciplinary studies including mineralogy, geochemistry, and the fossil
contents. Egypt is a key area of one of the most pronounced climatic changes that
occurred in the earth’s geologic history; the Paleocene Eocene thermal maximum
that used recently as analog for the current warming.
Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the climate variations through
the geologic time such as changes in solar radiance due to the instability of earth’s
Orbital and Milankovitch cycles, change in the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide
or methane) level in the atmosphere [1], or change in the Oceanic thermohaline
circulation. The climate can be affected by two different major processes; internal
processes such as changes in the atmosphere, ice, vegetation, and changes in the ocean
and land surface; and external processes like changes in plate tectonics, change in
the Earth’s orbit, and changes in the intensity of the Sun [2]. The main control on
the paleoclimate was the paleoposition due to the continental drift.
The second way is linked to governance and institutional structure of climate
change in Egypt. There is still a marked lack of support for developing the institutional
capacity and the corresponding mechanisms necessary to address climate variation
at the local level [3, 4]. A cross-cutting issue like climate change, cannot be
managed by one government department or a single ministry. Mainstreaming climate
change into policy decisions requires the consideration of climate change causes and
consequences into non-climate sectors [5]. “Integrated strategies are a relatively novel
approach to govern highly complex issues that involve several sectors and levels of
governance. They are a key tool to foster not only sustainable development but also
environmental policy integration or ecological modernization” [3]. Both of which
are concepts that promote the integration of environmental concerns into sectors
with significant environmental ramifications long before sustainable development
dominated the environmental discourse [6]. In Egypt, despite a stated commitment
to grassroots involvement in climate change adaptation processes and actions, the
actual focus in national adaptation plans is on technical and infrastructure options for
adaptation, with little attention given to the social and institutional context in which
these options operate [4]. Future national-level efforts to develop adaptation plans