Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations …
633
reducing water supplies and irrigation; and enhancing the severity of soil erosion
[24, 25]. Such climatic hazards became the driving forces, which challenge many
farmers’ livelihoods. The rural population, whose main source of food, direct and/or
indirect employment and income is agriculture, will be most influenced because
of the susceptibility of agriculture to climate change. Adaptation to climate change
refers to modification in natural or human systems in response to actual or predictable
climatic stimuli [26]. It enables farmers to produce their food, income, and livelihood
protection goals in light of climate and socio-economic change [27]. Common
methods of adaptation in agriculture involve new crop varieties and animal species
that are suitable to drier situations, irrigation, divarication of crops, implementation
of mixed crop and livestock farming systems, and changes in the dates of agricultural
activity [28, 29]. Some of these methods (e.g., changes in agricultural activity dates)
undertaken in response to short-term climate variability are classified as coping
responses. Several factors and critical information are considered amongst them
crop calendars [30]. The chronological sequence of the occurrence of different
phenological stages of a crop in its growth cycle defines the so-called crop calendar
[31]. Crop calendars include information on the timing of periods of crop sowing,
growing, and harvesting. A huge number of studies take into consideration the
techniques established by farmers to deal with climate variability [28, 29] have
reported changes in sowing dates.
The fourth approach study the projected crop coefficients under climate change in
Egypt. “Climate change is expected to have many adverse impacts on various sectors,
yet agriculture is considered to be the most tangible affected sector, as any alteration
in the prevailing temperature or precipitation patterns will disturb the agricultural
sector as a whole, including crop yields, crops water requirements, and soil fertility”
[32]. Climate change has already caused significant impacts on water resources and
food security. Land ecosystems would require more water to match increased water
demand, and consequently to prevent drought [33]. It was reported that climate
change is expected to negatively affect crops productivity and cause increases in
water requirements for crops in Egypt [34]. Because climatic parameters are the
only factors affecting ETo, it is the most important hydrological and meteorological
variable to reflect climate change [35].
The fifth approach make use of the rice production in Egypt: the challenges of
climate change and water deficiency. Rice paddies are estimated by a large portion of
the wetland ecosystem; mainly in Asian countries [36]. El-Shahawy et al. [37] stated
that in Egypt and most other developing countries that produce rice, it is commonly
cultivated under continuous flooding with about 5 cm depth of standing water during
the growing season. Rice cultivation is known as an important emitter of greenhouse
gases emission, especially methane due to rice management practices and burning
of rice straw after harvesting.
The six is the smart farming approach, which is using nanotechnology for realtime control of the Red Palm Weevil under climate change. “The red palm weevil
has become a global threat and demands a global strategy to eradicate it. One of the
biggest threats to global agriculture these days is a tiny, bright red weevil. Because
of climate change, the pest can spread to countries where before the weather would
633
reducing water supplies and irrigation; and enhancing the severity of soil erosion
[24, 25]. Such climatic hazards became the driving forces, which challenge many
farmers’ livelihoods. The rural population, whose main source of food, direct and/or
indirect employment and income is agriculture, will be most influenced because
of the susceptibility of agriculture to climate change. Adaptation to climate change
refers to modification in natural or human systems in response to actual or predictable
climatic stimuli [26]. It enables farmers to produce their food, income, and livelihood
protection goals in light of climate and socio-economic change [27]. Common
methods of adaptation in agriculture involve new crop varieties and animal species
that are suitable to drier situations, irrigation, divarication of crops, implementation
of mixed crop and livestock farming systems, and changes in the dates of agricultural
activity [28, 29]. Some of these methods (e.g., changes in agricultural activity dates)
undertaken in response to short-term climate variability are classified as coping
responses. Several factors and critical information are considered amongst them
crop calendars [30]. The chronological sequence of the occurrence of different
phenological stages of a crop in its growth cycle defines the so-called crop calendar
[31]. Crop calendars include information on the timing of periods of crop sowing,
growing, and harvesting. A huge number of studies take into consideration the
techniques established by farmers to deal with climate variability [28, 29] have
reported changes in sowing dates.
The fourth approach study the projected crop coefficients under climate change in
Egypt. “Climate change is expected to have many adverse impacts on various sectors,
yet agriculture is considered to be the most tangible affected sector, as any alteration
in the prevailing temperature or precipitation patterns will disturb the agricultural
sector as a whole, including crop yields, crops water requirements, and soil fertility”
[32]. Climate change has already caused significant impacts on water resources and
food security. Land ecosystems would require more water to match increased water
demand, and consequently to prevent drought [33]. It was reported that climate
change is expected to negatively affect crops productivity and cause increases in
water requirements for crops in Egypt [34]. Because climatic parameters are the
only factors affecting ETo, it is the most important hydrological and meteorological
variable to reflect climate change [35].
The fifth approach make use of the rice production in Egypt: the challenges of
climate change and water deficiency. Rice paddies are estimated by a large portion of
the wetland ecosystem; mainly in Asian countries [36]. El-Shahawy et al. [37] stated
that in Egypt and most other developing countries that produce rice, it is commonly
cultivated under continuous flooding with about 5 cm depth of standing water during
the growing season. Rice cultivation is known as an important emitter of greenhouse
gases emission, especially methane due to rice management practices and burning
of rice straw after harvesting.
The six is the smart farming approach, which is using nanotechnology for realtime control of the Red Palm Weevil under climate change. “The red palm weevil
has become a global threat and demands a global strategy to eradicate it. One of the
biggest threats to global agriculture these days is a tiny, bright red weevil. Because
of climate change, the pest can spread to countries where before the weather would