604
F. Abdelradi and D. Yassin
practices of conventional food production systems [1]. Additionally, according to the
World Bank report [2]. CC and poverty reduction are major issues to the international
society; furthermore, the challenges of food and nutrition security in developing
countries are increasing [3]. As a result, the need for innovative and resilient agricultural production practices to cope with these factors is essential. Climate Smart
Agriculture (CSA) is an approach that deals with restructuring agricultural systems
to cope with CC through three main objectives, which are sustainability increasing productivity and incomes, mitigating GHG emissions, adaptation and building
resilience.
Egypt faces many food and nutrition security challenges despite the rich agricultural resources, for example, the high levels of food losses experienced in all value
chain with an average of 35% based on the FAOSTAT food balance sheet [4]. These, in
part, due to the low capability for efficient use of these resources, inefficient policies,
poor labor skills, poor market dynamics, inefficient market information systems,
increasing intensity of climate change, poverty, dependence on rainfall for irrigation, poor infrastructure [5, 6]. Historically, Egyptian agro-ecological systems recognized the importance of trees within and outside the farm for climate and livelihood
improvement and as such endeavored to preserve a specific type of species through
cultivation to harvest. However, present stagnation and/or reduction in the number
of trees on and around farmland [7], as well as water scarcity in Egypt [8], contribute
to low agricultural production and increasing environmental degradation which is
detrimental to agrarian livelihoods (food, feed, energy, and material demand). Furthermore, faced with growing local demand and competition for resources, Egypt’s
food production needs to analyze in a wider context, affecting 50% of the population
lives in rural areas, through finding synergies among agriculture, energy, water and
ecosystem.
According to the [3] the highest GHG emissions contributor is Eastern and SouthEastern Asia with 1.2 billion tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO 2 e), Latin America and the Caribbean 0.909 billion tons of CO 2 e, Sub-Saharan Africa 0.768 billion
tons of CO 2 e, and the lowest Northern Africa and Western Asia 0.156 million CO 2 e.
The highest contributors in Sub-Saharan Africa are Ethiopia (96 million tons of
CO 2 e) Sudan (72.5 million tons of CO 2 e), Nigeria (64.2 million tons of CO 2 e),
South Sudan (43 million tons of CO 2 e) and Kenya (37.1 million tons of CO 2 e). The
main sources of Sub-Saharan Africa’s CO 2 e are burning Savana (lowest in Kenya),
enteric fermentation, manure left on pastors and rice cultivation (highest in Nigeria).
The highest contributors in Northern Africa and Western Asia countries are Turkey
with around 43 million tons of CO 2 e and Egypt with 31 million tons of CO 2 e. The
sources of Egypt’s CO 2 e are enteric fermentation with 10.1 million tons of CO 2 e,
production of synthetic fertilizers with 8.4 million tons of CO 2 e, manures left on
pastors 6.6 million tons of CO 2 e and rice cultivation contributing with 3.7 million
tons of CO 2 e.
Egypt is considered one of the countries that are vulnerable to CC impact because it
is located in a region that falls between semi-arid and arid conditions, where 94.5% of
Egypt total area is desert. The 5.5% of the area is populated with 95 million inhabitants
that are located along the River Nile and the coastal area. In Egypt, current annual
F. Abdelradi and D. Yassin
practices of conventional food production systems [1]. Additionally, according to the
World Bank report [2]. CC and poverty reduction are major issues to the international
society; furthermore, the challenges of food and nutrition security in developing
countries are increasing [3]. As a result, the need for innovative and resilient agricultural production practices to cope with these factors is essential. Climate Smart
Agriculture (CSA) is an approach that deals with restructuring agricultural systems
to cope with CC through three main objectives, which are sustainability increasing productivity and incomes, mitigating GHG emissions, adaptation and building
resilience.
Egypt faces many food and nutrition security challenges despite the rich agricultural resources, for example, the high levels of food losses experienced in all value
chain with an average of 35% based on the FAOSTAT food balance sheet [4]. These, in
part, due to the low capability for efficient use of these resources, inefficient policies,
poor labor skills, poor market dynamics, inefficient market information systems,
increasing intensity of climate change, poverty, dependence on rainfall for irrigation, poor infrastructure [5, 6]. Historically, Egyptian agro-ecological systems recognized the importance of trees within and outside the farm for climate and livelihood
improvement and as such endeavored to preserve a specific type of species through
cultivation to harvest. However, present stagnation and/or reduction in the number
of trees on and around farmland [7], as well as water scarcity in Egypt [8], contribute
to low agricultural production and increasing environmental degradation which is
detrimental to agrarian livelihoods (food, feed, energy, and material demand). Furthermore, faced with growing local demand and competition for resources, Egypt’s
food production needs to analyze in a wider context, affecting 50% of the population
lives in rural areas, through finding synergies among agriculture, energy, water and
ecosystem.
According to the [3] the highest GHG emissions contributor is Eastern and SouthEastern Asia with 1.2 billion tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO 2 e), Latin America and the Caribbean 0.909 billion tons of CO 2 e, Sub-Saharan Africa 0.768 billion
tons of CO 2 e, and the lowest Northern Africa and Western Asia 0.156 million CO 2 e.
The highest contributors in Sub-Saharan Africa are Ethiopia (96 million tons of
CO 2 e) Sudan (72.5 million tons of CO 2 e), Nigeria (64.2 million tons of CO 2 e),
South Sudan (43 million tons of CO 2 e) and Kenya (37.1 million tons of CO 2 e). The
main sources of Sub-Saharan Africa’s CO 2 e are burning Savana (lowest in Kenya),
enteric fermentation, manure left on pastors and rice cultivation (highest in Nigeria).
The highest contributors in Northern Africa and Western Asia countries are Turkey
with around 43 million tons of CO 2 e and Egypt with 31 million tons of CO 2 e. The
sources of Egypt’s CO 2 e are enteric fermentation with 10.1 million tons of CO 2 e,
production of synthetic fertilizers with 8.4 million tons of CO 2 e, manures left on
pastors 6.6 million tons of CO 2 e and rice cultivation contributing with 3.7 million
tons of CO 2 e.
Egypt is considered one of the countries that are vulnerable to CC impact because it
is located in a region that falls between semi-arid and arid conditions, where 94.5% of
Egypt total area is desert. The 5.5% of the area is populated with 95 million inhabitants
that are located along the River Nile and the coastal area. In Egypt, current annual