Water Climate Food Nexus for Green Sustainability
589
drier conditions could limit migration of some pests and disease but perhaps make
it possible for others to migrate into agricultural areas in Egypt [10].
Change in global supply and demand for certain crops could also affect production
in Egypt. On average, warmer temperatures will increase relative yields of grain crops
such as wheat in higher latitudes and will decrease relative yields in lower latitudes.
This should shift the competitive advantage to growing areas at higher latitude [10],
putting Egypt at a competitive disadvantage and decreasing exports and increasing
imports.
3.1.4 Livestock—Climate Impacts
There is limited information on how livestock in Egypt could be affected by climate
change. Higher temperatures can decrease livestock productivity, and extreme hot
and dry conditions can be fatal to livestock. The SNC notes that bluetongue and Rift
Valley fever have recently emerged in Egypt and this emergence may be related to
climate factors. Another risk to livestock from climate change is decreased fodder
production.
3.1.5 Fisheries—Climate Impacts
In general, higher water temperatures will affect fish production. In addition, higher
salinity levels could limit the production of freshwater fish.
3.2 Climate and Water Nexus
Egypt’s climate is hot, dry, deserted and is getting warmer. During the winter season
(December–February), Lower Egypt’s climate is mild with some rain, primarily over
the coastal areas, while Upper Egypt’s climate is practically rainless with warm sunny
days and cool nights. During the summer season (June–August), the climate is hot
and dry all over Egypt. The temperature in summer ranged between 38 and 43 °C
with extremes 49 °C at the desert and south part but it is cooler at mediterranean with
max. 32 °C as Fig. 1a [11].
Table 2 shows water budget in Egypt. The conventional water resources
in Egypt are the Nile water, rainfall, and deep groundwater. The nonconventional water resources are the shallow groundwater in the Nile delta,
the re-used agricultural drainage water, and re-used treated waste water. The
Nile water supplies are extremely limited by the 55.5 billion m
3 at High
Aswan Dam (HAD), and projected to become even more limited due to the
increased competition on water resources among the Nile basin countries.
Annual water share of Nile water per capita in Egypt has decreased from
589
drier conditions could limit migration of some pests and disease but perhaps make
it possible for others to migrate into agricultural areas in Egypt [10].
Change in global supply and demand for certain crops could also affect production
in Egypt. On average, warmer temperatures will increase relative yields of grain crops
such as wheat in higher latitudes and will decrease relative yields in lower latitudes.
This should shift the competitive advantage to growing areas at higher latitude [10],
putting Egypt at a competitive disadvantage and decreasing exports and increasing
imports.
3.1.4 Livestock—Climate Impacts
There is limited information on how livestock in Egypt could be affected by climate
change. Higher temperatures can decrease livestock productivity, and extreme hot
and dry conditions can be fatal to livestock. The SNC notes that bluetongue and Rift
Valley fever have recently emerged in Egypt and this emergence may be related to
climate factors. Another risk to livestock from climate change is decreased fodder
production.
3.1.5 Fisheries—Climate Impacts
In general, higher water temperatures will affect fish production. In addition, higher
salinity levels could limit the production of freshwater fish.
3.2 Climate and Water Nexus
Egypt’s climate is hot, dry, deserted and is getting warmer. During the winter season
(December–February), Lower Egypt’s climate is mild with some rain, primarily over
the coastal areas, while Upper Egypt’s climate is practically rainless with warm sunny
days and cool nights. During the summer season (June–August), the climate is hot
and dry all over Egypt. The temperature in summer ranged between 38 and 43 °C
with extremes 49 °C at the desert and south part but it is cooler at mediterranean with
max. 32 °C as Fig. 1a [11].
Table 2 shows water budget in Egypt. The conventional water resources
in Egypt are the Nile water, rainfall, and deep groundwater. The nonconventional water resources are the shallow groundwater in the Nile delta,
the re-used agricultural drainage water, and re-used treated waste water. The
Nile water supplies are extremely limited by the 55.5 billion m
3 at High
Aswan Dam (HAD), and projected to become even more limited due to the
increased competition on water resources among the Nile basin countries.
Annual water share of Nile water per capita in Egypt has decreased from