Climatic Change and Chicken Immunity
517
25. NRC (1997) Effects of environment on nutrient requirements of domestic animals. National
Academic Press, Washington, p 30
26. Hahn G, Gaughan JB, Mader TL, Eigenberg RA (2009) Thermal indices and their applications for livestock environments. In: JA DeShazer (ed) Livestock energetics and thermal
environmental management. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,
pp. 113–130
27. LPHSI (1990) Livestock and poultry heat stress indices. Agriculture engineering technology
guide. Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
28. Gates RS, Zhang H, Colliver DG, Overhults DG (1995) Regional variation temperature
humidity index for poultry housing. Trans ASAE 38(1):197–205
29. Tao X, Xin H (2003) Acute synergistic effects of air temperature, humidity, and velocity on
homeostasis of market–size broilers. Trans ASAE 46:491–497
30. Mader TL, Davis MS, Brown-Brandl T (2006) Environmental factors influencing heat stress
in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 84:712–719
31. Mader TL, Johnson LJ, Gaughan JB (2010) A comprehensive index for assessing environmental stress in animals. J Anim Sci 88:2153–2165
32. Kadim IT, Al-Qamshui BHA, Mahgoub O, Al-Marzooqi W, Johnson EH (2008) Effect of
seasonal temperatures and ascorbic acid supplementation on performance of broiler chickens
maintained in closed and open-sided houses. Int J Poult Sci 7:655–660
33. Habibian M, Ghazi S, Moeini MM, Abdolmohammadi A (2013) Effects of dietary selenium
and vitamin E on immune response and biological blood parameters of broilers reared under
thermoneutral or heat stress conditions. Int J Biometeorol 10:1007
34. Quinteiro-Filho WM, Gomes AV, Pinheiro ML, Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Astolfi-Ferreira
CS, Ferreira AJ, Palermo-Neto J (2012) Heat stress impairs performance and induces intestinal
inflammation in broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. Avian Pathol 41:421–
427
35. Sohail MU, Hume ME, Byrd JA, Nisbet DJ, Ijaz A, Sohail A, Shabbir MZ, Rehman H (2012)
Effect of supplementation of prebiotic mannanoligosaccharides and probiotic mixture on
growth performance of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. Poult Sci 91:2235–2240
36. Attia YA, Hassan RA, Tag El-Din AE, Abou-Shehema BM (2011) Effect of ascorbic acid
or increasing metabolizable energy level with or without supplementation of some essential
amino acids on productive and physiological traits of slow-growing chicks exposed to chronic
heat stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 95(744–755):36
37. Ghazi SH, Habibian M, Moeini MM, Abdolmohammadi AR (2012) Effects of different levels of organic and inorganic chromium on growth performance and immunocompetence of
broilers under heat stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 146:309–317
38. Imik H, Ozlu H, Gumus R, Atasever MA, Urgar S, Atasever M (2012) Effects of ascorbic acid
and alpha-lipoic acid on performance and meat quality of broilers subjected to heat stress. Br
Poult Sci 53(800–808):43
39. Deng W, Dong XF, Tong JM, Zhang Q (2012) The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates
heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal
immunity in laying hens. Poult Sci 91:575–582
40. Mack LA, Felver-Gant JN, Dennis RL, Cheng HW (2013) Genetic variation alters production
and behavioral responses following heat stress in 2 strains of laying hens. Poult Sci 92:285–294
41. Mashaly MM, Hendricks GL, Kalama MA, Gehad AE, Abbas AO, Patterson PH (2004) Effect
of heat stress on production parameters and immune responses of commercial laying hens.
Poult Sci 83:889–894
42. Star L, Juul-Madsen HR, Decuypere E, Nieuwland MG, de Vries Reilingh G, van den Brand
H, Kemp B, Parmentier HK (2009) Effect of early life thermal conditioning and immune
challenge on thermotolerance and humoral immune competence in adult laying hens. Poult
Sci 88(2253–2261):52
43. Lin H, Decuypere E, Buyse J (2004) Oxidative stress induced by corticosterone administration
in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus): 1. Chronic exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol
B 139:737–744
517
25. NRC (1997) Effects of environment on nutrient requirements of domestic animals. National
Academic Press, Washington, p 30
26. Hahn G, Gaughan JB, Mader TL, Eigenberg RA (2009) Thermal indices and their applications for livestock environments. In: JA DeShazer (ed) Livestock energetics and thermal
environmental management. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,
pp. 113–130
27. LPHSI (1990) Livestock and poultry heat stress indices. Agriculture engineering technology
guide. Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
28. Gates RS, Zhang H, Colliver DG, Overhults DG (1995) Regional variation temperature
humidity index for poultry housing. Trans ASAE 38(1):197–205
29. Tao X, Xin H (2003) Acute synergistic effects of air temperature, humidity, and velocity on
homeostasis of market–size broilers. Trans ASAE 46:491–497
30. Mader TL, Davis MS, Brown-Brandl T (2006) Environmental factors influencing heat stress
in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 84:712–719
31. Mader TL, Johnson LJ, Gaughan JB (2010) A comprehensive index for assessing environmental stress in animals. J Anim Sci 88:2153–2165
32. Kadim IT, Al-Qamshui BHA, Mahgoub O, Al-Marzooqi W, Johnson EH (2008) Effect of
seasonal temperatures and ascorbic acid supplementation on performance of broiler chickens
maintained in closed and open-sided houses. Int J Poult Sci 7:655–660
33. Habibian M, Ghazi S, Moeini MM, Abdolmohammadi A (2013) Effects of dietary selenium
and vitamin E on immune response and biological blood parameters of broilers reared under
thermoneutral or heat stress conditions. Int J Biometeorol 10:1007
34. Quinteiro-Filho WM, Gomes AV, Pinheiro ML, Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Astolfi-Ferreira
CS, Ferreira AJ, Palermo-Neto J (2012) Heat stress impairs performance and induces intestinal
inflammation in broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. Avian Pathol 41:421–
427
35. Sohail MU, Hume ME, Byrd JA, Nisbet DJ, Ijaz A, Sohail A, Shabbir MZ, Rehman H (2012)
Effect of supplementation of prebiotic mannanoligosaccharides and probiotic mixture on
growth performance of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. Poult Sci 91:2235–2240
36. Attia YA, Hassan RA, Tag El-Din AE, Abou-Shehema BM (2011) Effect of ascorbic acid
or increasing metabolizable energy level with or without supplementation of some essential
amino acids on productive and physiological traits of slow-growing chicks exposed to chronic
heat stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 95(744–755):36
37. Ghazi SH, Habibian M, Moeini MM, Abdolmohammadi AR (2012) Effects of different levels of organic and inorganic chromium on growth performance and immunocompetence of
broilers under heat stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 146:309–317
38. Imik H, Ozlu H, Gumus R, Atasever MA, Urgar S, Atasever M (2012) Effects of ascorbic acid
and alpha-lipoic acid on performance and meat quality of broilers subjected to heat stress. Br
Poult Sci 53(800–808):43
39. Deng W, Dong XF, Tong JM, Zhang Q (2012) The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates
heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal
immunity in laying hens. Poult Sci 91:575–582
40. Mack LA, Felver-Gant JN, Dennis RL, Cheng HW (2013) Genetic variation alters production
and behavioral responses following heat stress in 2 strains of laying hens. Poult Sci 92:285–294
41. Mashaly MM, Hendricks GL, Kalama MA, Gehad AE, Abbas AO, Patterson PH (2004) Effect
of heat stress on production parameters and immune responses of commercial laying hens.
Poult Sci 83:889–894
42. Star L, Juul-Madsen HR, Decuypere E, Nieuwland MG, de Vries Reilingh G, van den Brand
H, Kemp B, Parmentier HK (2009) Effect of early life thermal conditioning and immune
challenge on thermotolerance and humoral immune competence in adult laying hens. Poult
Sci 88(2253–2261):52
43. Lin H, Decuypere E, Buyse J (2004) Oxidative stress induced by corticosterone administration
in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus): 1. Chronic exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol
B 139:737–744