496
A. Soliman and A. M. Safwat
6.1 Drinking Cold Water
The internal environment of the bird is water medium in which food components are
exchanged. In addition to its other important functions of heat regulation, lubrication,
softening and hydration verify that water as a food component must be considered.
The positive relationship between water intake and body temperature indicates that
water used plays an important role as a heat discharger and thus makes energy
available for growth rather than body cooling.
Water consumption is very important for poultry in a heat stress environment.
Birds must drink more water to prevent dehydration, since the primary method of
reducing body temperature is by evaporation of water from the lungs. Securing cold
drinking water will help to reduce body temperature and thus increase the survival
rate.
Under normal conditions water intake is usually 1.5–2 times feed intake, however during hot weather water consumption increases by 3–6 times than the normal
consumption, with an increase by 5% per every temperature degree above 22 °C.
6.2 Ventilation
Both of heat production and heat loss of birds are affected by the efficiency of
ventilation system, as the thermal loss through heat emission by evaporation depends
on the ability of air to carry water vapor from the hot exhalation air resulting from
panting. Therefore, it is important to consider the ventilation system to remove the
hot air out of poultry house and replace it with dry, fresh and cool air.
Good ventilation reduces the relative humidity at the house environment and
reduces harmful gases (ammonia—carbon monoxide—carbon dioxide); it also provides birds with sufficient oxygen supply required for the biological activities. Ventilation should be at a rate of 5–6 m
3 air/h/kg live weight and the air should be changed
at a rate of 20–50 times per hour, so that the excess heat inside the house could be
eliminated.
6.3 Stocking Density
Increasing the number of birds in poultry house than the recommended number
reduces the ability of birds to get rid of heat during hot weather. Therefore, it is
necessary to decrease the density of birds in order to reduce; first its requirements of
ventilation, oxygen, cooling … etc., second to reduce the complications of excreta,
moisture, carbon dioxide, ammonia (resulting from the fermentation of litter material
with organic matter) and urea resulting from birds urine. As the less density per square
A. Soliman and A. M. Safwat
6.1 Drinking Cold Water
The internal environment of the bird is water medium in which food components are
exchanged. In addition to its other important functions of heat regulation, lubrication,
softening and hydration verify that water as a food component must be considered.
The positive relationship between water intake and body temperature indicates that
water used plays an important role as a heat discharger and thus makes energy
available for growth rather than body cooling.
Water consumption is very important for poultry in a heat stress environment.
Birds must drink more water to prevent dehydration, since the primary method of
reducing body temperature is by evaporation of water from the lungs. Securing cold
drinking water will help to reduce body temperature and thus increase the survival
rate.
Under normal conditions water intake is usually 1.5–2 times feed intake, however during hot weather water consumption increases by 3–6 times than the normal
consumption, with an increase by 5% per every temperature degree above 22 °C.
6.2 Ventilation
Both of heat production and heat loss of birds are affected by the efficiency of
ventilation system, as the thermal loss through heat emission by evaporation depends
on the ability of air to carry water vapor from the hot exhalation air resulting from
panting. Therefore, it is important to consider the ventilation system to remove the
hot air out of poultry house and replace it with dry, fresh and cool air.
Good ventilation reduces the relative humidity at the house environment and
reduces harmful gases (ammonia—carbon monoxide—carbon dioxide); it also provides birds with sufficient oxygen supply required for the biological activities. Ventilation should be at a rate of 5–6 m
3 air/h/kg live weight and the air should be changed
at a rate of 20–50 times per hour, so that the excess heat inside the house could be
eliminated.
6.3 Stocking Density
Increasing the number of birds in poultry house than the recommended number
reduces the ability of birds to get rid of heat during hot weather. Therefore, it is
necessary to decrease the density of birds in order to reduce; first its requirements of
ventilation, oxygen, cooling … etc., second to reduce the complications of excreta,
moisture, carbon dioxide, ammonia (resulting from the fermentation of litter material
with organic matter) and urea resulting from birds urine. As the less density per square