Climate Change Impact on Immune …
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carcass quality, increases the carcass weight associated with higher crude protein
retained in the carcass and reduces the carcass content of fat.
5.3.3 Vitamin E
Vitamin E acts as a natural antioxidant that protects the fat from oxidation rancidity
and peroxides formation, especially at high temperatures. It also preserves some fat
soluble substances such as vitamins A and D 3 , carotene from damage.
Supplementing vitamin E to heat stressed laying hen diets enhanced egg production; this beneficial effect is accompanied with an increase in feed intake and the
solids of albumen and yolk. The supplementation of vitamin E at high levels in the
diet not only increases egg production but also improves the immunity of bird sat
hot weather.
5.4 Electrolytic Balance
Birds get rid of the excess body heat through the respiratory system by panting. With
the increase of panting, the body loses large quantities of carbon dioxide, leading to
imbalance in the acid/base balance of the bird’s body causing an imbalance in the
electrolyte balance with severe high blood alkalosis that increases blood viscosity
and blood pressure which may lead to an explosion in the arteries of the brain, liver
or kidneys.
Supplementing electrolytes such as sodium or potassium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ,
KHCO 3 ) and ammonium, sodium or potassium chloride (NH 4 Cl, NaCl, KCl) in the
diet or in drinking water by 0.5–1.0% stimulates water consumption and increases
bird tolerance to heat stress [17], where electrolytes contribute to adjust the imbalance
resulted from increasing blood pH (blood alkalosis), which contributes to produce
stronger eggshell for laying hens and have a positive impact on broiler performance.
6 Managerial Application for Heat Stress Mitigation
Management of stress is the key to profitable poultry production during the hot
summer months where temperature reaches 40 °C or more, moreover some sea
dominating regions may have a relative humidity of 80%. Many production systems
suffer from low efficiency and the losses are sometimes costly, such as low growth
and survival rate. Decision-making on the type of strategy should be applied to
manage stress requires an understanding of the physiological effects of heat stress.
The profitability of any strategy during the summer months could be increased when
using proper managerial applications.
495
carcass quality, increases the carcass weight associated with higher crude protein
retained in the carcass and reduces the carcass content of fat.
5.3.3 Vitamin E
Vitamin E acts as a natural antioxidant that protects the fat from oxidation rancidity
and peroxides formation, especially at high temperatures. It also preserves some fat
soluble substances such as vitamins A and D 3 , carotene from damage.
Supplementing vitamin E to heat stressed laying hen diets enhanced egg production; this beneficial effect is accompanied with an increase in feed intake and the
solids of albumen and yolk. The supplementation of vitamin E at high levels in the
diet not only increases egg production but also improves the immunity of bird sat
hot weather.
5.4 Electrolytic Balance
Birds get rid of the excess body heat through the respiratory system by panting. With
the increase of panting, the body loses large quantities of carbon dioxide, leading to
imbalance in the acid/base balance of the bird’s body causing an imbalance in the
electrolyte balance with severe high blood alkalosis that increases blood viscosity
and blood pressure which may lead to an explosion in the arteries of the brain, liver
or kidneys.
Supplementing electrolytes such as sodium or potassium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ,
KHCO 3 ) and ammonium, sodium or potassium chloride (NH 4 Cl, NaCl, KCl) in the
diet or in drinking water by 0.5–1.0% stimulates water consumption and increases
bird tolerance to heat stress [17], where electrolytes contribute to adjust the imbalance
resulted from increasing blood pH (blood alkalosis), which contributes to produce
stronger eggshell for laying hens and have a positive impact on broiler performance.
6 Managerial Application for Heat Stress Mitigation
Management of stress is the key to profitable poultry production during the hot
summer months where temperature reaches 40 °C or more, moreover some sea
dominating regions may have a relative humidity of 80%. Many production systems
suffer from low efficiency and the losses are sometimes costly, such as low growth
and survival rate. Decision-making on the type of strategy should be applied to
manage stress requires an understanding of the physiological effects of heat stress.
The profitability of any strategy during the summer months could be increased when
using proper managerial applications.