Climate Change Impact on Immune …
497
meter of floor the more air available to birds and the lower relative humidity, which
means better environment and condition to achieve higher profitability.
The number of birds per square meter of floor should not be increased than 7–8
birds in case of deep litter system, taking into account the strain size.
7 Conclusions
At hot weather, the use of light is important to regulate feeding behavior so that birds
eat better during the cold hours of the night than during the hot times of the day. The
intermittent lighting system improves feed efficiency and productivity, in addition to
the above, has a positive effect in reducing body heat production during both lighting
and dark periods.
References
1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Climate change (2013) The physical science basis. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A,
Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report
of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, p 1535
2. Rose SP (1997) Principles of poultry science. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK
3. Wang S, Bottje WG, Kinzler S, Neldon HL, Koike TI (1989) Effect of heat stress on plasma levels of arginine vasotocin and mesotocin in domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Comp Biochem
Physiol 93A(4):721–724
4. Won SJ, Lin MT (1995) Thermal stresses reduce natural killer cell cytotoxicity. J Appl Physiol
79(3):732–737
5. Shini S, Huff G, Shini A, Kaiser P (2010) Understanding stress-induced immunosuppression:
exploration of cytokine and chemokine gene profiles in chicken peripheral leukocytes. Poult
Sci 89(4):841–851
6. Daghir NJ (1995) Poultry production in hot climate. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon,
UK
7. Teeter RG, Smith MO, Owens FN, ARP SC (1985) Chronic heat stress and respiratory alkalosis:
Occurrence and treatment in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 64:1060–1064
8. Balnave D, Muheereza SK (1997) Improving eggshell quality at high temperatures with dietary
sodium bicarbonate. Poult Sci 76:588–593
9. Sahin K, Onderci M, Sahin N, Gursu MF, Kucuk O (2003) Dietary vitamin C and folic acid
supplementation ameliorates the detrimental effects of heat stress in Japanese quail. J Nutr
133:1882–1886
10. Teeter RG, Smith MO (1986) High chronic ambient temperature stress effects on broiler acidbase balance and their response to supplemental ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and
potassium carbonate. Poult Sci 65:1777–1781
11. Chen JLI, Balnave D, Barke J (2005) The influence of dietary sodium chloride, arginine:
lysine ratio, and methionine source on apparent ileal digestibility arginine and lysine in acutely
heat-stressed broilers. Poult Sci 84:294–297
12. Yahav S (2000) Relative humidity at moderate ambient temperature: its effect on male broiler
chickens and turkey. Br Poult Sci 41:94–100
497
meter of floor the more air available to birds and the lower relative humidity, which
means better environment and condition to achieve higher profitability.
The number of birds per square meter of floor should not be increased than 7–8
birds in case of deep litter system, taking into account the strain size.
7 Conclusions
At hot weather, the use of light is important to regulate feeding behavior so that birds
eat better during the cold hours of the night than during the hot times of the day. The
intermittent lighting system improves feed efficiency and productivity, in addition to
the above, has a positive effect in reducing body heat production during both lighting
and dark periods.
References
1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Climate change (2013) The physical science basis. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A,
Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report
of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, p 1535
2. Rose SP (1997) Principles of poultry science. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK
3. Wang S, Bottje WG, Kinzler S, Neldon HL, Koike TI (1989) Effect of heat stress on plasma levels of arginine vasotocin and mesotocin in domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Comp Biochem
Physiol 93A(4):721–724
4. Won SJ, Lin MT (1995) Thermal stresses reduce natural killer cell cytotoxicity. J Appl Physiol
79(3):732–737
5. Shini S, Huff G, Shini A, Kaiser P (2010) Understanding stress-induced immunosuppression:
exploration of cytokine and chemokine gene profiles in chicken peripheral leukocytes. Poult
Sci 89(4):841–851
6. Daghir NJ (1995) Poultry production in hot climate. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon,
UK
7. Teeter RG, Smith MO, Owens FN, ARP SC (1985) Chronic heat stress and respiratory alkalosis:
Occurrence and treatment in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 64:1060–1064
8. Balnave D, Muheereza SK (1997) Improving eggshell quality at high temperatures with dietary
sodium bicarbonate. Poult Sci 76:588–593
9. Sahin K, Onderci M, Sahin N, Gursu MF, Kucuk O (2003) Dietary vitamin C and folic acid
supplementation ameliorates the detrimental effects of heat stress in Japanese quail. J Nutr
133:1882–1886
10. Teeter RG, Smith MO (1986) High chronic ambient temperature stress effects on broiler acidbase balance and their response to supplemental ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and
potassium carbonate. Poult Sci 65:1777–1781
11. Chen JLI, Balnave D, Barke J (2005) The influence of dietary sodium chloride, arginine:
lysine ratio, and methionine source on apparent ileal digestibility arginine and lysine in acutely
heat-stressed broilers. Poult Sci 84:294–297
12. Yahav S (2000) Relative humidity at moderate ambient temperature: its effect on male broiler
chickens and turkey. Br Poult Sci 41:94–100