Soils as Driver and Victim of Climate Change in Egypt
145
57. Ravishankara AR, Daniel JS, Portmann RW (2009) Nitrous oxide (N 2 O): the dominant ozonedepleting substance emitted in the 21st century. Science 326:123–125. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1176985
58. Mosier A, Kroeze C, Nevison C, Oenema O, Seitzinger S, van Cleemput O (1998) Closing
the global N 2 O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle. Nutr
Cycl Agroecosys 52:225–248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009740530221
59. McSwiney CP, Robertson GP (2005) Nonlinear response of N 2 O flux to incremental fertilizer
addition in a continuous maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system. Glob Change Biol 11:1712–
1719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01040
60. Van Groenigen JW, Velthof GL, Oenema O (2010) Towards an agronomic assessment of N 2 O
emissions: a case study for arable crops. Eur J Soil Sci 61:903–913. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1365-2389.2009.01217.x
61. Meurer KHE, Franko U, Stange CF, Dalla Rosa J, Madari BE, Jungkunst HF (2016) Direct
nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes from soils under different land use in Brazil—a critical review.
Environ Res Lett 11:023001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/023001
62. Shcherbak I, Millar N, Robertson GP (2014) Global meta-analysis of the nonlinear response of
soil nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions to fertilizer nitrogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:9199–
9204
63. Verhoeven E, Pereira E, Decock C, Garland G, Kennedy T, Suddick E, Horwath Wand Six J
(2017) N 2 O emissions from California farmlands: a review. Calif Agr 71(3):148–159. https://
doi.org/10.3733/ca.2017a0026x
64. Zhu-Barker X, Horwath WR, Burger M (2015) Knife-injected anhydrous ammonia increases
yield-scaled N 2 O emissions compared to broadcast or band-applied ammonium sulfate in
wheat. Agr Ecosyst Environ 212:148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.06.025
65. Phillips RL, Tanaka DL, Archer DW, Hanson JD (2009) Fertilizer application timing influences greenhouse gas fluxes over a growing season. J Environ Qual 38:1569–1579. https://
doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0483
66. Sistani KR, Jn-Baptiste M, Lovanh N, Cook KL (2011) Atmospheric emissions of nitrous
oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide from different nitrogen fertilizers. J Environ Qual
40:1797–1805. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0197
67. Jäger N, Stange CF, Ludwig B, Flessa H (2011) Emission rates of N 2 O and CO 2 from soils with
different organic matter content from three long-term fertilization experiments: a laboratory
study. Biol Fertil Soils 47:483–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-011-0553-5
68. Arunrat N, Pumijumnong N (2017) Practices for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
from rice production in Northeast Thailand. Agriculture 7(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/
agriculture7010004
69. Farag AA, Abd-Elrahman SH (2016) Greenhouse gas emission from cauliflower grown under
different nitrogen rates and mulches. Int J Plant Soil Sci 9(1):1–10. Article no. IJPSS.19880.
ISSN: 2320-7035
70. Jarecki MK, Lal R (2006) Compost and mulch effects on gaseous flux from an alfisol in Ohio.
Soil Sci 171:249–260
71. Birkás M (2008) Environmentally-sound adaptable tillage–solutions from Hungary. AkademiaiKiado, Budapest, pp 191–194
72. Jabro JD, Sainju U, Stevens WB, Evans RG (2008) Carbon dioxide flux as affected by tillage
and irrigation in soil converted from perennial forages to annual crops. J Environ Manag
88:1478–1484
73. Kessavalou A, Mosier AR, Doran JW, Drijber RA, Lyon DJ, Heinemeyer O (1998) Fluxes
of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane in grass sod and winter wheat-fallow tillage
management. J Environ Qual 27:1094–1104
74. Galdos M, Cerri C, Cerri C (2009) Soil carbon stocks under burned and unburned sugarcane
in Brazil. Geoderma 153:347–352
75. Silva-Olaya AM, Cerri CEP, La Scala N Jr, Dias CTS, Cerri CC (2013) Carbon dioxide
emissions under different soil tillage systems in mechanically harvested sugarcane. Env Res
Lett 8(1). IOP Publishing Ltd
145
57. Ravishankara AR, Daniel JS, Portmann RW (2009) Nitrous oxide (N 2 O): the dominant ozonedepleting substance emitted in the 21st century. Science 326:123–125. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1176985
58. Mosier A, Kroeze C, Nevison C, Oenema O, Seitzinger S, van Cleemput O (1998) Closing
the global N 2 O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle. Nutr
Cycl Agroecosys 52:225–248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009740530221
59. McSwiney CP, Robertson GP (2005) Nonlinear response of N 2 O flux to incremental fertilizer
addition in a continuous maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system. Glob Change Biol 11:1712–
1719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01040
60. Van Groenigen JW, Velthof GL, Oenema O (2010) Towards an agronomic assessment of N 2 O
emissions: a case study for arable crops. Eur J Soil Sci 61:903–913. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1365-2389.2009.01217.x
61. Meurer KHE, Franko U, Stange CF, Dalla Rosa J, Madari BE, Jungkunst HF (2016) Direct
nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes from soils under different land use in Brazil—a critical review.
Environ Res Lett 11:023001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/023001
62. Shcherbak I, Millar N, Robertson GP (2014) Global meta-analysis of the nonlinear response of
soil nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions to fertilizer nitrogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:9199–
9204
63. Verhoeven E, Pereira E, Decock C, Garland G, Kennedy T, Suddick E, Horwath Wand Six J
(2017) N 2 O emissions from California farmlands: a review. Calif Agr 71(3):148–159. https://
doi.org/10.3733/ca.2017a0026x
64. Zhu-Barker X, Horwath WR, Burger M (2015) Knife-injected anhydrous ammonia increases
yield-scaled N 2 O emissions compared to broadcast or band-applied ammonium sulfate in
wheat. Agr Ecosyst Environ 212:148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.06.025
65. Phillips RL, Tanaka DL, Archer DW, Hanson JD (2009) Fertilizer application timing influences greenhouse gas fluxes over a growing season. J Environ Qual 38:1569–1579. https://
doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0483
66. Sistani KR, Jn-Baptiste M, Lovanh N, Cook KL (2011) Atmospheric emissions of nitrous
oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide from different nitrogen fertilizers. J Environ Qual
40:1797–1805. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0197
67. Jäger N, Stange CF, Ludwig B, Flessa H (2011) Emission rates of N 2 O and CO 2 from soils with
different organic matter content from three long-term fertilization experiments: a laboratory
study. Biol Fertil Soils 47:483–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-011-0553-5
68. Arunrat N, Pumijumnong N (2017) Practices for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
from rice production in Northeast Thailand. Agriculture 7(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/
agriculture7010004
69. Farag AA, Abd-Elrahman SH (2016) Greenhouse gas emission from cauliflower grown under
different nitrogen rates and mulches. Int J Plant Soil Sci 9(1):1–10. Article no. IJPSS.19880.
ISSN: 2320-7035
70. Jarecki MK, Lal R (2006) Compost and mulch effects on gaseous flux from an alfisol in Ohio.
Soil Sci 171:249–260
71. Birkás M (2008) Environmentally-sound adaptable tillage–solutions from Hungary. AkademiaiKiado, Budapest, pp 191–194
72. Jabro JD, Sainju U, Stevens WB, Evans RG (2008) Carbon dioxide flux as affected by tillage
and irrigation in soil converted from perennial forages to annual crops. J Environ Manag
88:1478–1484
73. Kessavalou A, Mosier AR, Doran JW, Drijber RA, Lyon DJ, Heinemeyer O (1998) Fluxes
of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane in grass sod and winter wheat-fallow tillage
management. J Environ Qual 27:1094–1104
74. Galdos M, Cerri C, Cerri C (2009) Soil carbon stocks under burned and unburned sugarcane
in Brazil. Geoderma 153:347–352
75. Silva-Olaya AM, Cerri CEP, La Scala N Jr, Dias CTS, Cerri CC (2013) Carbon dioxide
emissions under different soil tillage systems in mechanically harvested sugarcane. Env Res
Lett 8(1). IOP Publishing Ltd