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38. Gregorich EG, Rochette P, Vanden Bygaart AJ, Angers DA (2005) Greenhouse gas contributions of agricultural soils and potential mitigation practices in Eastern Canada. Soil Till Res
83:53–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.009
39. Lynch DH, MacRae R, Martin RC (2011) The carbon and global warming potential Impacts of
organic farming: does it have a significant role in an energy constrained world? Sustainability
3:322–362
40. Ren R, Zhang X, Liu J, Sun N, Wu L, Li Z, Xu M (2017) A synthetic analysis of greenhouse
gas emissions from manure amended agricultural soils in China. Sci Rep 7. Article number:
8123
41. Lehtinen T, Schlatter N, Baumgarten A, Bechini L, Ruger JK, Grignani CL, Zavattaro L,
Costamagna C, Spiegel H (2014) Effect of crop residue incorporation on soil organic carbon
and greenhouse gas emissions in European agricultural soils. Soil Use Manag 30:524–538.
https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12151
42. Sharratt BS (1992) Growing season trends in the alaskan climate record. Arctic: 45:124–127.
Year Book, 2005–2006, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Live Stock, Pakistan
43. García-Suárez AM, Butler CJ (2006) Soil temperatures at Armagh Observatory, northern
Ireland, from 1904 to 2002. Int J Climatol 26:1075–1089. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1294
44. Du J, Li C, Liao J, Pa L, Lu H (2007) Responses of climatic change on soil temperature at
shallow layers in Lhasa from 1961 to 2005. Meteorol Mon 33(10):61–67
45. Ahmad MF, Rasul G (2008) Prediction of soil temperature by air temperature; a case study
for faisalabad. Pak J Meteorol 5(9):19–27
46. Qian B, Gregorich EG, Gameda S, Hopkins DW, Wang XL (2011) Observed soil temperature
trends associated with climate change in Canada. J Geophys 116. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2010JD015012
47. Sadek II, Youssef MA (2014) Effect of different types of fertilization and some climatic factors
on soil carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission. N Y Sci J 7(7):1–12. ISSN: 1554-0200. http://www.
scienceoub.net/newvork
48. Hashimoto S, Carvalhais N, Ito A, Migliavacca M, Nishina K, Reichstein M (2015) Global spatiotemporal distribution of soil respiration modeled using a global database. Biogeosciences
12:4121–4132. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4121-2015
49. Treat CC, Natali SM, Ernakovich J, Iversen CM, Lupascu M, McGuire AD, Norby RJ,
Chowdhury TR, Richter A, Šantr˚ uˇ cková H, Schädel C, Schuur EAG, Sloan VL, Turetsky
MR, Waldrop MP (2015) A pan-Arctic synthesis of CH 4 and CO 2 production from anoxic
soil incubations. Glob Change Biol 21:2787–2803. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12875
50. Borken W, Xu YJ, Brumme R, Lamersdorf N (1999) A climate change scenario for carbon
dioxide and dissolved organic carbon fluxes from a temperate forest soil drought and rewetting
effects. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:1848–1855. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.6361848x
51. Bond-Lamberty B, Smith AP, Bailey V (2016) Temperature and moisture effects on greenhouse gas emissions from deep active-layer boreal soils. Biogeosciences 13:6669–6681.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6669-2016
52. McLain JET, Martens DA (2006) Moisture controls on trace gas fluxes in semiarid riparian
soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:367–377. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0105
53. Ludwig J, Meixner FX, Vogel B, Förstner J (2001) Soil–air exchange of nitric oxide:
an overview of processes, environmental factors, and modeling studies. Biogeochemistry
52:225–257. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006424330555
54. Wu X, Brüggemann N, Gasche R, Shen Z, Wolf B, Butterbach-Bahl K (2010) Environmental
controls over soil-atmosphere exchange of N 2 O, NO, and CO 2 in a temperate Norway spruce
forest. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 24. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003616
55. Zhang X, Yina S, Li Y, Zhuang H, Li C, Liua C (2014) Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddy fields under different nitrogen fertilization loads in Chongming Island,
Eastern China. Sci Total Environ 472(2014):381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2013.11.014
56. IPCC (2013) Supplement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for National greenhouse gas inventories: wetlands. In: Hiraishi T, Krug T, Tanabe K, Srivastava N, Baasansuren J, Fukuda M,
Troxler TG (eds) IPCC/TFI
R. R. Shahin
38. Gregorich EG, Rochette P, Vanden Bygaart AJ, Angers DA (2005) Greenhouse gas contributions of agricultural soils and potential mitigation practices in Eastern Canada. Soil Till Res
83:53–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.009
39. Lynch DH, MacRae R, Martin RC (2011) The carbon and global warming potential Impacts of
organic farming: does it have a significant role in an energy constrained world? Sustainability
3:322–362
40. Ren R, Zhang X, Liu J, Sun N, Wu L, Li Z, Xu M (2017) A synthetic analysis of greenhouse
gas emissions from manure amended agricultural soils in China. Sci Rep 7. Article number:
8123
41. Lehtinen T, Schlatter N, Baumgarten A, Bechini L, Ruger JK, Grignani CL, Zavattaro L,
Costamagna C, Spiegel H (2014) Effect of crop residue incorporation on soil organic carbon
and greenhouse gas emissions in European agricultural soils. Soil Use Manag 30:524–538.
https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12151
42. Sharratt BS (1992) Growing season trends in the alaskan climate record. Arctic: 45:124–127.
Year Book, 2005–2006, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Live Stock, Pakistan
43. García-Suárez AM, Butler CJ (2006) Soil temperatures at Armagh Observatory, northern
Ireland, from 1904 to 2002. Int J Climatol 26:1075–1089. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1294
44. Du J, Li C, Liao J, Pa L, Lu H (2007) Responses of climatic change on soil temperature at
shallow layers in Lhasa from 1961 to 2005. Meteorol Mon 33(10):61–67
45. Ahmad MF, Rasul G (2008) Prediction of soil temperature by air temperature; a case study
for faisalabad. Pak J Meteorol 5(9):19–27
46. Qian B, Gregorich EG, Gameda S, Hopkins DW, Wang XL (2011) Observed soil temperature
trends associated with climate change in Canada. J Geophys 116. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2010JD015012
47. Sadek II, Youssef MA (2014) Effect of different types of fertilization and some climatic factors
on soil carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission. N Y Sci J 7(7):1–12. ISSN: 1554-0200. http://www.
scienceoub.net/newvork
48. Hashimoto S, Carvalhais N, Ito A, Migliavacca M, Nishina K, Reichstein M (2015) Global spatiotemporal distribution of soil respiration modeled using a global database. Biogeosciences
12:4121–4132. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4121-2015
49. Treat CC, Natali SM, Ernakovich J, Iversen CM, Lupascu M, McGuire AD, Norby RJ,
Chowdhury TR, Richter A, Šantr˚ uˇ cková H, Schädel C, Schuur EAG, Sloan VL, Turetsky
MR, Waldrop MP (2015) A pan-Arctic synthesis of CH 4 and CO 2 production from anoxic
soil incubations. Glob Change Biol 21:2787–2803. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12875
50. Borken W, Xu YJ, Brumme R, Lamersdorf N (1999) A climate change scenario for carbon
dioxide and dissolved organic carbon fluxes from a temperate forest soil drought and rewetting
effects. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:1848–1855. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.6361848x
51. Bond-Lamberty B, Smith AP, Bailey V (2016) Temperature and moisture effects on greenhouse gas emissions from deep active-layer boreal soils. Biogeosciences 13:6669–6681.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6669-2016
52. McLain JET, Martens DA (2006) Moisture controls on trace gas fluxes in semiarid riparian
soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:367–377. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0105
53. Ludwig J, Meixner FX, Vogel B, Förstner J (2001) Soil–air exchange of nitric oxide:
an overview of processes, environmental factors, and modeling studies. Biogeochemistry
52:225–257. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006424330555
54. Wu X, Brüggemann N, Gasche R, Shen Z, Wolf B, Butterbach-Bahl K (2010) Environmental
controls over soil-atmosphere exchange of N 2 O, NO, and CO 2 in a temperate Norway spruce
forest. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 24. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003616
55. Zhang X, Yina S, Li Y, Zhuang H, Li C, Liua C (2014) Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddy fields under different nitrogen fertilization loads in Chongming Island,
Eastern China. Sci Total Environ 472(2014):381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2013.11.014
56. IPCC (2013) Supplement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for National greenhouse gas inventories: wetlands. In: Hiraishi T, Krug T, Tanabe K, Srivastava N, Baasansuren J, Fukuda M,
Troxler TG (eds) IPCC/TFI