124
R. R. Shahin
Fig. 6 Nitrogen Fertilizer’s induced processes of NO emissions from soils
been found to increase emissions. The injection of anhydrous ammonium caused
an escalated seasonal N 2 O emissions by 44% as compared to the band-application
of ammonium sulfate [64]. Both organic and mineral N fertilization could result in
N 2 O emission pulses. During fertigation, emissions pulses were immediate but disappeared within a short period (i.e. 1 or 2 days). The impact of fertilization on GHG
emissions may occur shortly after the application of N-fertilizer, also application
timing may affect net GHG fluxes in arid land cropping systems [65].
Other studies determined and compared growing season emissions of N 2 O, CH 4 ,
and CO 2 resulting from applications of different N-fertilizer types, urea (U), polymercoated urea (PCU) urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN), ammonium nitrate (AN) and
poultry litter commercially available [66]. They showed an enhanced-efficiency of
N-fertilizers as follows: PCU, U, UAN, AN, poultry litter in no-till corn (Zea mays L.)
production system. Greenhouse gas emissions were determined during two growing
seasons using static, ventilated chambers. The PCU delayed the N 2 O emission peak
by 3–4 weeks compared with other N sources.
It was found that the application of N-fertilizer may increase N 2 O fluxes by 5–6
times at 200 kg N/ha and by 10–14 times at 270 kg N/ha (Fig. 7) [55]. The optimum
rate of the applied N fertilizer was 200 kg N/ha which resulted in the lowest global
warming potential. Regarding organic fertilizers, a study found that CO 2 fluxes during
the period of constant soil moisture of 60% water-holding capacity, were 1.2–2.0
times higher where farmyard manure was applied for a long-term periods than those
with mineral N or nil fertilization [67]. Recently, in a study on rice fields of Thailand,
concluded that significant positive correlations were found between N 2 O emissions
and N fertilizer application, with r values of 0.925 (p < 0.01) [68].
However, in Egypt, Agricultural fluxes of nitrous oxide during the period (2000–
2014) varied from a minimum value of 12.21 Mt in 2000, to a maximum value of
20.49 Mt in 2014. More than 80% of nitrous emissions coming from N-fertilization
[69]. Agricultural emissions of nitrous in Egypt have been significantly increased
R. R. Shahin
Fig. 6 Nitrogen Fertilizer’s induced processes of NO emissions from soils
been found to increase emissions. The injection of anhydrous ammonium caused
an escalated seasonal N 2 O emissions by 44% as compared to the band-application
of ammonium sulfate [64]. Both organic and mineral N fertilization could result in
N 2 O emission pulses. During fertigation, emissions pulses were immediate but disappeared within a short period (i.e. 1 or 2 days). The impact of fertilization on GHG
emissions may occur shortly after the application of N-fertilizer, also application
timing may affect net GHG fluxes in arid land cropping systems [65].
Other studies determined and compared growing season emissions of N 2 O, CH 4 ,
and CO 2 resulting from applications of different N-fertilizer types, urea (U), polymercoated urea (PCU) urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN), ammonium nitrate (AN) and
poultry litter commercially available [66]. They showed an enhanced-efficiency of
N-fertilizers as follows: PCU, U, UAN, AN, poultry litter in no-till corn (Zea mays L.)
production system. Greenhouse gas emissions were determined during two growing
seasons using static, ventilated chambers. The PCU delayed the N 2 O emission peak
by 3–4 weeks compared with other N sources.
It was found that the application of N-fertilizer may increase N 2 O fluxes by 5–6
times at 200 kg N/ha and by 10–14 times at 270 kg N/ha (Fig. 7) [55]. The optimum
rate of the applied N fertilizer was 200 kg N/ha which resulted in the lowest global
warming potential. Regarding organic fertilizers, a study found that CO 2 fluxes during
the period of constant soil moisture of 60% water-holding capacity, were 1.2–2.0
times higher where farmyard manure was applied for a long-term periods than those
with mineral N or nil fertilization [67]. Recently, in a study on rice fields of Thailand,
concluded that significant positive correlations were found between N 2 O emissions
and N fertilizer application, with r values of 0.925 (p < 0.01) [68].
However, in Egypt, Agricultural fluxes of nitrous oxide during the period (2000–
2014) varied from a minimum value of 12.21 Mt in 2000, to a maximum value of
20.49 Mt in 2014. More than 80% of nitrous emissions coming from N-fertilization
[69]. Agricultural emissions of nitrous in Egypt have been significantly increased