more prone to occur in drinking water, although the efficiencies of the treatments
used in the DWTPs play a crucial role.
Therefore, it is of great interest to monitor the presence of drugs in drinking water
and thereby control and regulate those that could be putting human health at risk.
Figure 4 shows the process and eligibility criteria used to rule out and include
studies for this section of the chapter, and Table 7 shows a summary of the NSAIDs
and their maximum concentrations found in different drinking water samples
worldwide.
Boleda et al. analyzed the presence of 53 pharmaceuticals, 9 NSAIDs among
them, in 50 samples of the drinking water provided to 12 million of Spaniards.
Overall, the presence of the selected compounds in finished drinking water was very
scarce. Practically, only ibuprofen was detected at low concentration levels in 12%
of the samples. According to the authors, diclofenac, naproxen, acetaminophen, and
indomethacin were not found at measurable levels in the studied samples probably
because they undergo oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and/or ozone and
that leads to them being absent which was observed in similar samples from other
studies [62].
Nguyen et al. developed an innovative electrochemical displacement
immunosensor able to detect diclofenac from 0.1 pM to 0.1 nM (25 pg/L up to
Table 7 NSAIDs quantified in drinking water samples
NSAID
Study country [reference]
Maximum concentration measured (ng/L) [LOQ (ng/L)]
Spain [62]
France [63]
Hungary [64]
Diclofenac
n.i.
12–17 [10]
n.a.
n.a.
n.i.
n.a.
n.i.
n.a.
acid
Ketoprofen
n.i.
n.a.
acid)
n.a.
Detection
method
UHPLC-MS/MS +
HRMS (quadrupoleOrbitrap)
Electrochemical displacement
immunosensor for diclofenac
MS/MS
method
optimization
LOQ limit of quantification, n.i. not identified in any sample, n.a. not analyzed in the study,
UHPLC-MS/MS ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry,
HRMS high-resolution mass spectrometry (Q Exactive quadrupole-Orbitrap), MS/MS tandem mass
spectrometry
76
L. I. Castro-Pastrana et al.
used in the DWTPs play a crucial role.
Therefore, it is of great interest to monitor the presence of drugs in drinking water
and thereby control and regulate those that could be putting human health at risk.
Figure 4 shows the process and eligibility criteria used to rule out and include
studies for this section of the chapter, and Table 7 shows a summary of the NSAIDs
and their maximum concentrations found in different drinking water samples
worldwide.
Boleda et al. analyzed the presence of 53 pharmaceuticals, 9 NSAIDs among
them, in 50 samples of the drinking water provided to 12 million of Spaniards.
Overall, the presence of the selected compounds in finished drinking water was very
scarce. Practically, only ibuprofen was detected at low concentration levels in 12%
of the samples. According to the authors, diclofenac, naproxen, acetaminophen, and
indomethacin were not found at measurable levels in the studied samples probably
because they undergo oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and/or ozone and
that leads to them being absent which was observed in similar samples from other
studies [62].
Nguyen et al. developed an innovative electrochemical displacement
immunosensor able to detect diclofenac from 0.1 pM to 0.1 nM (25 pg/L up to
Table 7 NSAIDs quantified in drinking water samples
NSAID
Study country [reference]
Maximum concentration measured (ng/L) [LOQ (ng/L)]
Spain [62]
France [63]
Hungary [64]
Diclofenac
n.i.
12–17 [10]
n.a.
n.a.
n.i.
n.a.
n.i.
n.a.
acid
Ketoprofen
n.i.
n.a.
acid)
n.a.
Detection
method
UHPLC-MS/MS +
HRMS (quadrupoleOrbitrap)
Electrochemical displacement
immunosensor for diclofenac
MS/MS
method
optimization
LOQ limit of quantification, n.i. not identified in any sample, n.a. not analyzed in the study,
UHPLC-MS/MS ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry,
HRMS high-resolution mass spectrometry (Q Exactive quadrupole-Orbitrap), MS/MS tandem mass
spectrometry
76
L. I. Castro-Pastrana et al.