levels of 4 ng/L in upstream, 98 ng/L in waters of the center of a large Ukrainian city
(Kharkiv city), and 3,560 ng/L downstream. Thus, the authors suggest that crossborder water management is required, including preventive pollution measures,
since without this it would be impossible to achieve the water quality standards
established by the European Union [29].
Table 3 (continued)
NSAID
measured
Maximum level
reported (ng/L)
River and site
References
31
Vantaa River, Finland
[34]
27
Päijänne Lake, Finland
[34]
25
Rhine River, Europe
[31]
20
Tiber and Aniene Rivers, Italy
[35]
1
Edo River, Japan
[28]
Mefenamic
acid
24.6
Shijing River, China
[19]
2
Edo River, Japan
[28]
0.4
Naruo-shin River, Japan
[38]
Naproxen
1,423.8
Elbe River, Czech Republic
[30]
146
Aisonas, Greece
[32]
125
Shijing River, China
[19]
43.2
Rivers of the North Channel Basin,
Beijing China
[40]
32
Päijänne Lake, Finland
[34]
22
Danube River, Romania
[33]
17
Tiber and Aniene Rivers, Italy
[35]
6.4
Vantaa River, Finland
[34]
2
Edo River, Japan
[28]
0.04
Rivers of Tehran, Iran
[37]
Piroxicam
32
Danube River, Romania
[33]
Table 4 Maximum reported concentrations of NSAIDs in river sediments (dry weight)
NSAID
measured
Maximum level
reported
River and site
References
Diclofenac
144 μg/kg
Danube River, Europe
[7]
13.88 μg/g
Klang River, Malaysia
[43]
0.10 μg/g
Novo mesto nearby rivers, Slovenia [12]
12.9 ng/g
River in Shanghai, China
[44]
Ibuprofen
31 μg/kg
Danube River, Europe
[7]
0.21 μg/g
Novo mesto nearby rivers, Slovenia [12]
Ketoprofen
99 μg/kg
Danube River, Europe
[7]
0.25 μg/g
Novo mesto nearby rivers, Slovenia [12]
Naproxen
57 μg/kg
Danube River, Europe
[7]
0.15 μg/g
Novo mesto nearby rivers, Slovenia [12]
64
L. I. Castro-Pastrana et al.