23. Afonso-Olivares C, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ (2017) Occurrence and environmental impact of pharmaceutical residues from conventional and natural wastewater treatment
plants in Gran Canaria (Spain). Sci Total Environ 599–600:934–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.scitotenv.2017.05.058
24. Gravel A, Vijayan M (2007) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs disrupt the heat shock
response in rainbow trout. Aquat Toxicol 81(2):197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.
2006.12.001
25. Xia L, Zheng L, Zhou JL (2017) Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac and paracetamol on hatch and
motor behavior in developing zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Chemosphere 182:416–425. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.054
26. Du J et al (2016) Toxicity thresholds for diclofenac, acetaminophen and ibuprofen in the water
flea Daphnia magna. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 97(1):84–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00128-016-1806-7
27. McRae NK et al (2018) Acute exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of
diclofenac elicits oxidative stress in the culturally important galaxiid fish Galaxias maculatus.
Environ Toxicol Chem 37(1):224–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3948
28. Ghelfi A et al (2016) Evaluation of biochemical, genetic and hematological biomarkers in a
commercial catfish Rhamdia quelen exposed to diclofenac. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 96
(1):49–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1693-3
29. Gröner F et al (2017) Chronic diclofenac exposure affects gill integrity and pituitary gene
expression and displays estrogenic activity in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Chemosphere
166:473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.116
30. Pandey PK et al (2017) Evaluation of DNA damage and physiological responses in Nile tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to sub-lethal diclofenac (DCF). Aquat Toxicol
186:205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.03.007
31. Cardoso-Vera JD et al (2017) Comparative study of diclofenac-induced embryotoxicity and
teratogenesis in Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX). Sci Total Environ 574:467–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2016.09.095
32. Näslund J et al (2017) Diclofenac affects kidney histology in the three-spined stickleback (
Gasterosteus aculeatus ) at low μg/L concentrations. Aquat Toxicol 189:87–96. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.017
33. Guiloski IC et al (2017) Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of the antiinflammatory drug diclofenac in freshwater fish Rhamdia quelen. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
139:291–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.053
34. Boisseaux P et al (2017) Immune responses in the aquatic gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis under
short-term exposure to pharmaceuticals of concern for immune systems: Diclofenac, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine A. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 139:358–366. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.003
35. Ajima MNO et al (2015) Chronic diclofenac (DCF) exposure alters both enzymatic and
haematological profile of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Drug Chem Toxicol 38
(4):383–390. https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2014.974108
36. Saucedo-Vence K et al (2015) Short and long-term exposure to diclofenac alter oxidative stress
status in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Ecotoxicology 24(3):527–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10646-014-1401-9
37. Islas-Flores H et al (2017) Cyto-genotoxicity and oxidative stress in common carp ( Cyprinus
carpio ) exposed to a mixture of ibuprofen and diclofenac. Environ Toxicol 32(5):1637–1650.
https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22392
38. Sehonova P et al (2017) Toxicity of naproxen sodium and its mixture with tramadol hydrochloride on fish early life stages. Chemosphere 188:414–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2017.08.151
52
A. Mejía-García et al.
plants in Gran Canaria (Spain). Sci Total Environ 599–600:934–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.scitotenv.2017.05.058
24. Gravel A, Vijayan M (2007) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs disrupt the heat shock
response in rainbow trout. Aquat Toxicol 81(2):197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.
2006.12.001
25. Xia L, Zheng L, Zhou JL (2017) Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac and paracetamol on hatch and
motor behavior in developing zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Chemosphere 182:416–425. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.054
26. Du J et al (2016) Toxicity thresholds for diclofenac, acetaminophen and ibuprofen in the water
flea Daphnia magna. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 97(1):84–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00128-016-1806-7
27. McRae NK et al (2018) Acute exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of
diclofenac elicits oxidative stress in the culturally important galaxiid fish Galaxias maculatus.
Environ Toxicol Chem 37(1):224–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3948
28. Ghelfi A et al (2016) Evaluation of biochemical, genetic and hematological biomarkers in a
commercial catfish Rhamdia quelen exposed to diclofenac. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 96
(1):49–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1693-3
29. Gröner F et al (2017) Chronic diclofenac exposure affects gill integrity and pituitary gene
expression and displays estrogenic activity in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Chemosphere
166:473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.116
30. Pandey PK et al (2017) Evaluation of DNA damage and physiological responses in Nile tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to sub-lethal diclofenac (DCF). Aquat Toxicol
186:205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.03.007
31. Cardoso-Vera JD et al (2017) Comparative study of diclofenac-induced embryotoxicity and
teratogenesis in Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX). Sci Total Environ 574:467–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2016.09.095
32. Näslund J et al (2017) Diclofenac affects kidney histology in the three-spined stickleback (
Gasterosteus aculeatus ) at low μg/L concentrations. Aquat Toxicol 189:87–96. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.017
33. Guiloski IC et al (2017) Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of the antiinflammatory drug diclofenac in freshwater fish Rhamdia quelen. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
139:291–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.053
34. Boisseaux P et al (2017) Immune responses in the aquatic gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis under
short-term exposure to pharmaceuticals of concern for immune systems: Diclofenac, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine A. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 139:358–366. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.003
35. Ajima MNO et al (2015) Chronic diclofenac (DCF) exposure alters both enzymatic and
haematological profile of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Drug Chem Toxicol 38
(4):383–390. https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2014.974108
36. Saucedo-Vence K et al (2015) Short and long-term exposure to diclofenac alter oxidative stress
status in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Ecotoxicology 24(3):527–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10646-014-1401-9
37. Islas-Flores H et al (2017) Cyto-genotoxicity and oxidative stress in common carp ( Cyprinus
carpio ) exposed to a mixture of ibuprofen and diclofenac. Environ Toxicol 32(5):1637–1650.
https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22392
38. Sehonova P et al (2017) Toxicity of naproxen sodium and its mixture with tramadol hydrochloride on fish early life stages. Chemosphere 188:414–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2017.08.151
52
A. Mejía-García et al.