6. He B et al (2017) Eco-pharmacovigilance of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: necessity
and opportunities. Chemosphere 181:178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.
084
7. Wang J et al (2017) Implementing ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) from a pharmacy perspective:
a focus on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Sci Total Environ 603–604:772–784. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.209
8. Liu J et al (2018) Investigation of pharmaceutically active compounds in an urban receiving
water: occurrence, fate and environmental risk assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
154:214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.052
9. Wang J et al (2018) Targeted eco-pharmacovigilance for ketoprofen in the environment: need,
strategy and challenge. Chemosphere 194:450–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2017.12.020
10. Madikizela LM, Tavengwa NT, Chimuka L (2018) Applications of molecularly imprinted
polymers for solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics
from environmental waters and biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 147:624–633. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.010
11. Kot-Wasik A, Jakimska A, Śliwka-Kaszyńska M (2016) Occurrence and seasonal variations of
25 pharmaceutical residues in wastewater and drinking water treatment plants. Environ Monit
Assess 188(12):661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5637-0
12. Patrolecco L, Capri S, Ademollo N (2015) Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in the
principal sewage treatment plants in Rome (Italy) and in the receiving surface waters. Environ
Sci Pollut Res 22(8):5864–5876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3765-z
13. Scheurell M et al (2009) Occurrence of diclofenac and its metabolites in surface water and
effluent samples from Karachi, Pakistan. Chemosphere 77(6):870–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.chemosphere.2009.07.066
14. Khan A et al (2018) Prevalence of selected pharmaceuticals in surface water receiving untreated
sewage in Northwest Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 190(6):324. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10661-018-6683-6
15. Shanmugam G et al (2014) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Indian rivers. Environ Sci
Pollut Res 21(2):921–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1957-6
16. Eslami A et al (2015) Occurrence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Tehran source
water, municipal and hospital wastewaters, and their ecotoxicological risk assessment. Environ
Monit Assess 187(12):734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4952-1
17. Jelic A et al (2011) Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and
sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Res 45(3):1165–1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
watres.2010.11.010
18. Lolić A et al (2015) Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of north of Portugal: occurrence and environmental risk. Sci Total Environ
508:240–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.097
19. Madikizela LM, Chimuka L (2017) Occurrence of naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac residues
in wastewater and river water of KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. Environ Monit
Assess 189(7):348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6069-1
20. Agunbiade FO, Moodley B (2016) Occurrence and distribution pattern of acidic pharmaceuticals in surface water, wastewater, and sediment of the Msunduzi River, Kwazulu-Natal,
South Africa. Environ Toxicol Chem 35(1):36–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3144
21. Reinholds I et al (2017) Determination of acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in
aquatic samples by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry combined
with carbon nanotubes-based solid-phase extraction. Environ Monit Assess 189(11):568.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6304-9
22. Ma R et al (2019) Simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
in environment by chiral LC-MS/MS: a pilot study in Beijing, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
174(January):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.122
Overview of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs as Emerging Contaminants
51
and opportunities. Chemosphere 181:178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.
084
7. Wang J et al (2017) Implementing ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) from a pharmacy perspective:
a focus on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Sci Total Environ 603–604:772–784. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.209
8. Liu J et al (2018) Investigation of pharmaceutically active compounds in an urban receiving
water: occurrence, fate and environmental risk assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
154:214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.052
9. Wang J et al (2018) Targeted eco-pharmacovigilance for ketoprofen in the environment: need,
strategy and challenge. Chemosphere 194:450–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2017.12.020
10. Madikizela LM, Tavengwa NT, Chimuka L (2018) Applications of molecularly imprinted
polymers for solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics
from environmental waters and biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 147:624–633. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.010
11. Kot-Wasik A, Jakimska A, Śliwka-Kaszyńska M (2016) Occurrence and seasonal variations of
25 pharmaceutical residues in wastewater and drinking water treatment plants. Environ Monit
Assess 188(12):661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5637-0
12. Patrolecco L, Capri S, Ademollo N (2015) Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in the
principal sewage treatment plants in Rome (Italy) and in the receiving surface waters. Environ
Sci Pollut Res 22(8):5864–5876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3765-z
13. Scheurell M et al (2009) Occurrence of diclofenac and its metabolites in surface water and
effluent samples from Karachi, Pakistan. Chemosphere 77(6):870–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.chemosphere.2009.07.066
14. Khan A et al (2018) Prevalence of selected pharmaceuticals in surface water receiving untreated
sewage in Northwest Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 190(6):324. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10661-018-6683-6
15. Shanmugam G et al (2014) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Indian rivers. Environ Sci
Pollut Res 21(2):921–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1957-6
16. Eslami A et al (2015) Occurrence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Tehran source
water, municipal and hospital wastewaters, and their ecotoxicological risk assessment. Environ
Monit Assess 187(12):734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4952-1
17. Jelic A et al (2011) Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and
sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Res 45(3):1165–1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
watres.2010.11.010
18. Lolić A et al (2015) Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of north of Portugal: occurrence and environmental risk. Sci Total Environ
508:240–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.097
19. Madikizela LM, Chimuka L (2017) Occurrence of naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac residues
in wastewater and river water of KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. Environ Monit
Assess 189(7):348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6069-1
20. Agunbiade FO, Moodley B (2016) Occurrence and distribution pattern of acidic pharmaceuticals in surface water, wastewater, and sediment of the Msunduzi River, Kwazulu-Natal,
South Africa. Environ Toxicol Chem 35(1):36–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3144
21. Reinholds I et al (2017) Determination of acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in
aquatic samples by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry combined
with carbon nanotubes-based solid-phase extraction. Environ Monit Assess 189(11):568.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6304-9
22. Ma R et al (2019) Simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
in environment by chiral LC-MS/MS: a pilot study in Beijing, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
174(January):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.122
Overview of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs as Emerging Contaminants
51