internal solution to membrane phase varied between 1:2 and 2:1, by maintaining
membrane volume constant on the removal of IBP.
An emulsion liquid membrane was developed to remove NSAIDs ibuprofen and
ketoprofen from water. The optimum experimental conditions for the extraction of
IBP were summarized as follows: emulsion volume, 60 mL; external phase volume,
600 mL; volume ratio of internal phase to organic phase, 1:1; emulsification time,
3 min; stirring speed, 250 rpm; concentration of span 80, 3% (w/w); volume ratio of
W/O emulsion to external phase, 60:600; internal phase concentration (Na 2 CO 3 ),
0.1 N; diluent, hexane; and concentration of H 2 SO 4 in the external phase, 0.1 N.
Under the best operating parameters, it was possible to extract nearly all of IBP
molecules from the feed solution even in the presence of high concentration of salt.
At the optimum experimental conditions, about 97.4% KTP was removed in less
than 20 min of contact time. This study demonstrates that ELM treatment in
comparison with other techniques that are hindered by the presence of salts is a
promising process for the elimination of NSAIDs IBP and KTP from complex
matrices such as natural water and seawater.
6 Membrane Bioreactor
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) has become a technically and economically feasible
alternative for remotion of emerging contaminant. The upgrading of wastewater
treatment plants and implementation of sustainable technologies impose as possible
solutions for the safe reclamation of high-quality treated effluent. The MBR technology integrates biological degradation of organic matter present in wastewater
with membrane filtration, thus passing the limitations of the conventional activated
sludge treatment. Membrane bioreactor has become a technically and economically
feasible alternative for water and wastewater treatment [20].
For most of the investigated PhACs, membrane bioreactor effluent concentrations
were usually significantly lower than in the effluent of a conventional treatment.
The membrane treatment is a promising process to be able to remove negativecharged NSAIDs from wastewater effluent in source waters due to the negativecharged membrane surface.
Different materials were compared in terms of rejection of ibuprofen and removal
of effluent organic matter from membrane bioreactor (MBR). The membranes used
in study by Park et al. [39] were polyethersulfone, polyamide TFC, and titanium
oxide, because pharmaceutical compounds contain a potential risk and effluent
organic matter is the precursor of carcinogenic disinfection by-products when
reusing for drinking water source.
Use of Membrane for Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
269
membrane volume constant on the removal of IBP.
An emulsion liquid membrane was developed to remove NSAIDs ibuprofen and
ketoprofen from water. The optimum experimental conditions for the extraction of
IBP were summarized as follows: emulsion volume, 60 mL; external phase volume,
600 mL; volume ratio of internal phase to organic phase, 1:1; emulsification time,
3 min; stirring speed, 250 rpm; concentration of span 80, 3% (w/w); volume ratio of
W/O emulsion to external phase, 60:600; internal phase concentration (Na 2 CO 3 ),
0.1 N; diluent, hexane; and concentration of H 2 SO 4 in the external phase, 0.1 N.
Under the best operating parameters, it was possible to extract nearly all of IBP
molecules from the feed solution even in the presence of high concentration of salt.
At the optimum experimental conditions, about 97.4% KTP was removed in less
than 20 min of contact time. This study demonstrates that ELM treatment in
comparison with other techniques that are hindered by the presence of salts is a
promising process for the elimination of NSAIDs IBP and KTP from complex
matrices such as natural water and seawater.
6 Membrane Bioreactor
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) has become a technically and economically feasible
alternative for remotion of emerging contaminant. The upgrading of wastewater
treatment plants and implementation of sustainable technologies impose as possible
solutions for the safe reclamation of high-quality treated effluent. The MBR technology integrates biological degradation of organic matter present in wastewater
with membrane filtration, thus passing the limitations of the conventional activated
sludge treatment. Membrane bioreactor has become a technically and economically
feasible alternative for water and wastewater treatment [20].
For most of the investigated PhACs, membrane bioreactor effluent concentrations
were usually significantly lower than in the effluent of a conventional treatment.
The membrane treatment is a promising process to be able to remove negativecharged NSAIDs from wastewater effluent in source waters due to the negativecharged membrane surface.
Different materials were compared in terms of rejection of ibuprofen and removal
of effluent organic matter from membrane bioreactor (MBR). The membranes used
in study by Park et al. [39] were polyethersulfone, polyamide TFC, and titanium
oxide, because pharmaceutical compounds contain a potential risk and effluent
organic matter is the precursor of carcinogenic disinfection by-products when
reusing for drinking water source.
Use of Membrane for Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
269