species for DF and IB. The collected data correspond to the acute toxicity values of
Table 2 for species from different phyla. Hazard effect concentration (HEC5) values
have been calculated for both compounds; for DF and IB, HEC5 were 4.5 and
4.4 mg L
À1
, respectively. These plots have been carried out using acute toxicity data,
if an assessment factor (AF) of 5 can be employed to calculate the PNEC, obtaining
values close to 0.8 mg L
À1 . This value is very high, and some concerns about its use
as benchmark should be considered. Chronic values for many species are lower than
HEC5; thus Schwaiger et al. [30] reported alteration in the digestive tract histology at
concentrations of 5 μg L
À1 . Posthuma et al. [29] pointed out the limitations of this
approach (e.g., lack of use of community data, data set, uncertainty data, etc.).
To carry out a site risk assessment, PEC or MEC. However, the use of MEC
allows to reduce the uncertainty. Nevertheless, the available information about the
occurrence of pharmaceuticals in environmental compartment is limited, and the
geographical data distribution is biased, with more available information for EU and
the USA. Table 3 shows the range of concentrations for IB and DF in three
environmental compartments (seawater, freshwater, and sediment) summarizing
scientific literature. This is not an exhaustive database, which is beyond of the
objective of this chapter, but it gives information about the field data campaigns.
Wide variations are observed for both compounds in the three compartments, with
the highest range for freshwater and the lowest for sediment. The lack of wastewater
treatment plants in many developing or emerging countries leads that extreme values
Ibuprofen
3,
,5
4,0
4 ,5
5,
0
3
0
5 ,5
y
t
i
l
i
b
a
b
o
r
p
e
v
i
t
a
l
u
m
u
C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
H. attenuatta
D. magna
V.fi sheri
A. desmarestii
P.carinatus
T. platuy urus
L. minor
H. vu lgaris
V.fi sheri
A. fi sheri
T. battagliai
D. magna
D. magna
D. japonica
C. mrigala
log concentration ( g·L
-1 )
Fig. 2 SSD distribution of toxicity acute data for Ibuprofen in aquatic species
Ibuprofen and Diclofenac: Effects on Freshwater and Marine Aquatic Organisms –. . .
167
Table 2 for species from different phyla. Hazard effect concentration (HEC5) values
have been calculated for both compounds; for DF and IB, HEC5 were 4.5 and
4.4 mg L
À1
, respectively. These plots have been carried out using acute toxicity data,
if an assessment factor (AF) of 5 can be employed to calculate the PNEC, obtaining
values close to 0.8 mg L
À1 . This value is very high, and some concerns about its use
as benchmark should be considered. Chronic values for many species are lower than
HEC5; thus Schwaiger et al. [30] reported alteration in the digestive tract histology at
concentrations of 5 μg L
À1 . Posthuma et al. [29] pointed out the limitations of this
approach (e.g., lack of use of community data, data set, uncertainty data, etc.).
To carry out a site risk assessment, PEC or MEC. However, the use of MEC
allows to reduce the uncertainty. Nevertheless, the available information about the
occurrence of pharmaceuticals in environmental compartment is limited, and the
geographical data distribution is biased, with more available information for EU and
the USA. Table 3 shows the range of concentrations for IB and DF in three
environmental compartments (seawater, freshwater, and sediment) summarizing
scientific literature. This is not an exhaustive database, which is beyond of the
objective of this chapter, but it gives information about the field data campaigns.
Wide variations are observed for both compounds in the three compartments, with
the highest range for freshwater and the lowest for sediment. The lack of wastewater
treatment plants in many developing or emerging countries leads that extreme values
Ibuprofen
3,
,5
4,0
4 ,5
5,
0
3
0
5 ,5
y
t
i
l
i
b
a
b
o
r
p
e
v
i
t
a
l
u
m
u
C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
H. attenuatta
D. magna
V.fi sheri
A. desmarestii
P.carinatus
T. platuy urus
L. minor
H. vu lgaris
V.fi sheri
A. fi sheri
T. battagliai
D. magna
D. magna
D. japonica
C. mrigala
log concentration ( g·L
-1 )
Fig. 2 SSD distribution of toxicity acute data for Ibuprofen in aquatic species
Ibuprofen and Diclofenac: Effects on Freshwater and Marine Aquatic Organisms –. . .
167