36. Hinojosa Guerra MM, Oller Alberola I, Malato Rodriguez S, Agüera López A, Acevedo
Merino A, Quiroga Alonso JM (2019) Oxidation mechanisms of amoxicillin and paracetamol
in the photo-Fenton solar process. Water Res 156:232–240
37. Żur J, Piński A, Marchlewicz A, Hupert-Kocurek K, Wojcieszyńska D, Guzik U (2018)
Organic micropollutants paracetamol and ibuprofen – toxicity, biodegradation, and genetic
background of their utilization by bacteria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:21498–21524. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11356-018-2517-x
38. Żur J, Wojcieszyńska D, Hupert-Kocurek K, Marchlewicz A, Guzik U (2018) Paracetamol –
toxicity and microbial utilization. Pseudomonas moorei KB4 as a case study for exploring
degradation pathway. Chemosphere 206:192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2018.04.179
39. Ashfaq M, Khana KN, Rehman MSU, Mustafa G, Nazara MF, Sun Q, Iqbal J, Mulla SI, Yu C-P
(2017) Ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the receiving environment of pharmaceutical wastewater in Pakistan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 136:31–39
40. Fekadu S, Alemayehu E, Dewil R, Van der Bruggen B (2019) Pharmaceuticals in freshwater
aquatic environments: a comparison of the African and European challenge. Sci Total Environ
654:324–337
41. K'oreje KO, Vergeynst L, Ombaka D, DeWispelaere P, Okoth M, Van Langenhove H,
Demeestere K (2016) Occurrence patterns of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater, surface
water and groundwater of Nairobi and Kisumu city, Kenya. Chemosphere 149:238–244. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.095
42. Boleda MR, Galceran MT, Ventura F (2013) Validation and uncertainty estimation of a
multiresidue method for pharmaceuticals in surface and treated waters by liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1286:146–158. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.077
43. Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, Buxton HT (2002)
Pharmaceuticals, hormones and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 19992000: a national reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol 36:1241–1211
44. Roberts PH, Thomas KV (2006) The occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater
effluent and surface waters of the lower tyne catchment. Sci Total Environ 356(1-3):143–153.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.031
45. Campanha MB, Awan AT, Mozeto AA, Fadini PS (2015) 3-year study on occurrence of
emerging contaminants in an urban stream of São Paulo State of Southeast Brazil. Environ
Sci Pollut Res Int 22(10):7936–7947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3929-x
46. Grujić S, Vasiljević T, Lausević M (2009) Determination of multiple pharmaceutical classes in
surface and ground waters by liquid chromatography-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry. J
Chromatogr A 1216(25):4989–5000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.059
47. Lolić A, Paíga P, Santos LHMLM, Ramos S, Correia M, Delerue-Matos C (2015) Assessment
of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of
Portugal: Occurrence and environmental risk. Sci Total Environ 508:240–250. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.097
48. Rabiet M, Togola A, Brissaud F (2006) Consequences of treated water recycling as regards
pharmaceuticals and drugs in surface and ground waters of a medium-sized Mediterranean
catchment. Environ Sci Technol 40(17):5282–5288. https://doi.org/10.1021/es060528p
49. Nunes B, Antunes SC, Santos J, Martins L, Castro BB (2014) Toxic potential of paracetamol to
freshwater organisms: a headache to environmental regulators? Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
107:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.027
50. Trombini C, Hampel M, Blasco J (2016) Evaluation of acute effects of four pharmaceuticals and
their mixtures on the copepod Tisbe battagliai. Chemosphere 155:319–328
51. Hammad HM, Zia F, Bakhat HF, Fahad S, Ashraf MR, Wilkerson CJ, Shah GM, Nasim W,
Khosa I, Shahid M (2018) Uptake and toxicological effects of pharmaceutical active compounds on maize. Agric Ecosyst Environ 258:143–148
Ecotoxicological Effects of the Drug Paracetamol: A Critical Review of Past. . .
143
Merino A, Quiroga Alonso JM (2019) Oxidation mechanisms of amoxicillin and paracetamol
in the photo-Fenton solar process. Water Res 156:232–240
37. Żur J, Piński A, Marchlewicz A, Hupert-Kocurek K, Wojcieszyńska D, Guzik U (2018)
Organic micropollutants paracetamol and ibuprofen – toxicity, biodegradation, and genetic
background of their utilization by bacteria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:21498–21524. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11356-018-2517-x
38. Żur J, Wojcieszyńska D, Hupert-Kocurek K, Marchlewicz A, Guzik U (2018) Paracetamol –
toxicity and microbial utilization. Pseudomonas moorei KB4 as a case study for exploring
degradation pathway. Chemosphere 206:192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2018.04.179
39. Ashfaq M, Khana KN, Rehman MSU, Mustafa G, Nazara MF, Sun Q, Iqbal J, Mulla SI, Yu C-P
(2017) Ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the receiving environment of pharmaceutical wastewater in Pakistan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 136:31–39
40. Fekadu S, Alemayehu E, Dewil R, Van der Bruggen B (2019) Pharmaceuticals in freshwater
aquatic environments: a comparison of the African and European challenge. Sci Total Environ
654:324–337
41. K'oreje KO, Vergeynst L, Ombaka D, DeWispelaere P, Okoth M, Van Langenhove H,
Demeestere K (2016) Occurrence patterns of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater, surface
water and groundwater of Nairobi and Kisumu city, Kenya. Chemosphere 149:238–244. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.095
42. Boleda MR, Galceran MT, Ventura F (2013) Validation and uncertainty estimation of a
multiresidue method for pharmaceuticals in surface and treated waters by liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1286:146–158. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.077
43. Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, Buxton HT (2002)
Pharmaceuticals, hormones and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 19992000: a national reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol 36:1241–1211
44. Roberts PH, Thomas KV (2006) The occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater
effluent and surface waters of the lower tyne catchment. Sci Total Environ 356(1-3):143–153.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.031
45. Campanha MB, Awan AT, Mozeto AA, Fadini PS (2015) 3-year study on occurrence of
emerging contaminants in an urban stream of São Paulo State of Southeast Brazil. Environ
Sci Pollut Res Int 22(10):7936–7947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3929-x
46. Grujić S, Vasiljević T, Lausević M (2009) Determination of multiple pharmaceutical classes in
surface and ground waters by liquid chromatography-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry. J
Chromatogr A 1216(25):4989–5000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.059
47. Lolić A, Paíga P, Santos LHMLM, Ramos S, Correia M, Delerue-Matos C (2015) Assessment
of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of
Portugal: Occurrence and environmental risk. Sci Total Environ 508:240–250. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.097
48. Rabiet M, Togola A, Brissaud F (2006) Consequences of treated water recycling as regards
pharmaceuticals and drugs in surface and ground waters of a medium-sized Mediterranean
catchment. Environ Sci Technol 40(17):5282–5288. https://doi.org/10.1021/es060528p
49. Nunes B, Antunes SC, Santos J, Martins L, Castro BB (2014) Toxic potential of paracetamol to
freshwater organisms: a headache to environmental regulators? Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
107:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.027
50. Trombini C, Hampel M, Blasco J (2016) Evaluation of acute effects of four pharmaceuticals and
their mixtures on the copepod Tisbe battagliai. Chemosphere 155:319–328
51. Hammad HM, Zia F, Bakhat HF, Fahad S, Ashraf MR, Wilkerson CJ, Shah GM, Nasim W,
Khosa I, Shahid M (2018) Uptake and toxicological effects of pharmaceutical active compounds on maize. Agric Ecosyst Environ 258:143–148
Ecotoxicological Effects of the Drug Paracetamol: A Critical Review of Past. . .
143