18. Patel M, Tang BK, Kalow W (1992) Variability of acetaminophen metabolism in Caucasians
and orientals. Pharmacogenetics 2(1):38–45
19. Xu JJ, Hendriks BS, Zhao J, de Graaf D (2008) Multiple effects of acetaminophen and p
38 inhibitors: towards pathway toxicology. FEBS Lett 582(8):1276–1282. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.febslet.2008.01.063
20. Raucy JL, Lasker JM, Lieber CS, Black M (1989) Acetaminophen activation by human liver
cytochromes P450IIE1 and P450IA2. Arch Biochem Biophys 271(1):270–283. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0003-9861(89)90278-6
21. Kavitha P, Ramesh R, Bupesh G, Stalin A, Subramanian P (2011) Hepatoprotective activity of
Tribulus terrestris extract against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in a freshwater fish
(Oreochromis mossambicus). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 47(10):698–706. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11626-011-9457-9
22. Ben-Shachar R, Chen Y, Luo S, Hartman C, Reed M, Nijhout HF (2012) The biochemistry of
acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and rescue: a mathematical model. Theor Biol Med Model 9
(1):55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-9-55
23. Bessems JG, Vermeulen NP (2001) Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: molecular
and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches. Crit Rev Toxicol 31
(1):55–138
24. Prescott LF (1980) Kinetics and metabolism of paracetamol and Phenacetin. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 10:291S–298S
25. Almeida F, Nunes B (2019) Effects of acetaminophen in oxidative stress and neurotoxicity
biomarkers of the gastropod Phorcus lineatus. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:9823–9831
26. Daniel D, Dionísio R, Alkimin GD, Nunes B (2019) Acute and chronic effects of paracetamol
exposure on Daphnia magna: how oxidative effects may modulate responses at distinct levels
of organization in a model species. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:3320–3329
27. Nunes B, Verde MF, Soares AMVM (2015) Biochemical effects of the pharmaceutical drug
paracetamol on Anguilla anguilla. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(15):11574–11584. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11356-015-4329-6
28. Matus GN, Pereira BVR, Silva-Zacarín ECM, Costa MJ, dos Santos AAC, Nunes N (2018)
Behavior and histopathology as biomarkers for evaluation of the effects of paracetamol and
propranolol in the neotropical fish species Phalloceros harpagos. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25
(28):28601–28618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2839-8
29. Al Qarni H, Collier P, O’Keeffe J, Akunna J (2016) Investigating the removal of some
pharmaceutical compounds in hospital wastewater treatment plants operating in Saudi Arabia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:13003–13014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6389-7
30. Gómez-Canela C, Sala-Comorera T, Pueyo V, Barata C, Lacorte S (2019) Analysis of 44 pharmaceuticals consumed by elderly using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 168:55–63
31. Papageorgiou M, Zioris J, Danis T, Bikiaris D, Lambropoulou D (2019) Comprehensive
investigation of a wide range of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in urban and
hospital wastewaters in Greece. Sci Total Environ 694:133565
32. Gros M, Petrović M, Ginebreda A, Barceló D (2010) Removal of pharmaceuticals during
wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes. Environ Int
36(1):15–26
33. Falås P, Andersen HR, Ledin A, La Cour JJ (2012) Occurrence and reduction of pharmaceuticals in the water phase at Swedish wastewater treatment plants. Water Sci Technol 66
(4):783–791
34. Dalgic G, Turkdogan FI, Yetilmezsoy K, Kocak E (2017) Treatment of real paracetamol
wastewater by Fenton process. Chem Ind Chem Eng Q 23(2):177–186
35. Lindim C, Van Gils J, Georgieva D, Mekenyan O, Cousins IT (2016) Evaluation of human
pharmaceutical emissions and concentrations in Swedish river basins. Sci Total Environ
572:508–519
142
B. Nunes
and orientals. Pharmacogenetics 2(1):38–45
19. Xu JJ, Hendriks BS, Zhao J, de Graaf D (2008) Multiple effects of acetaminophen and p
38 inhibitors: towards pathway toxicology. FEBS Lett 582(8):1276–1282. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.febslet.2008.01.063
20. Raucy JL, Lasker JM, Lieber CS, Black M (1989) Acetaminophen activation by human liver
cytochromes P450IIE1 and P450IA2. Arch Biochem Biophys 271(1):270–283. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0003-9861(89)90278-6
21. Kavitha P, Ramesh R, Bupesh G, Stalin A, Subramanian P (2011) Hepatoprotective activity of
Tribulus terrestris extract against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in a freshwater fish
(Oreochromis mossambicus). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 47(10):698–706. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11626-011-9457-9
22. Ben-Shachar R, Chen Y, Luo S, Hartman C, Reed M, Nijhout HF (2012) The biochemistry of
acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and rescue: a mathematical model. Theor Biol Med Model 9
(1):55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-9-55
23. Bessems JG, Vermeulen NP (2001) Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: molecular
and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches. Crit Rev Toxicol 31
(1):55–138
24. Prescott LF (1980) Kinetics and metabolism of paracetamol and Phenacetin. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 10:291S–298S
25. Almeida F, Nunes B (2019) Effects of acetaminophen in oxidative stress and neurotoxicity
biomarkers of the gastropod Phorcus lineatus. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:9823–9831
26. Daniel D, Dionísio R, Alkimin GD, Nunes B (2019) Acute and chronic effects of paracetamol
exposure on Daphnia magna: how oxidative effects may modulate responses at distinct levels
of organization in a model species. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:3320–3329
27. Nunes B, Verde MF, Soares AMVM (2015) Biochemical effects of the pharmaceutical drug
paracetamol on Anguilla anguilla. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(15):11574–11584. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11356-015-4329-6
28. Matus GN, Pereira BVR, Silva-Zacarín ECM, Costa MJ, dos Santos AAC, Nunes N (2018)
Behavior and histopathology as biomarkers for evaluation of the effects of paracetamol and
propranolol in the neotropical fish species Phalloceros harpagos. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25
(28):28601–28618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2839-8
29. Al Qarni H, Collier P, O’Keeffe J, Akunna J (2016) Investigating the removal of some
pharmaceutical compounds in hospital wastewater treatment plants operating in Saudi Arabia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:13003–13014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6389-7
30. Gómez-Canela C, Sala-Comorera T, Pueyo V, Barata C, Lacorte S (2019) Analysis of 44 pharmaceuticals consumed by elderly using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 168:55–63
31. Papageorgiou M, Zioris J, Danis T, Bikiaris D, Lambropoulou D (2019) Comprehensive
investigation of a wide range of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in urban and
hospital wastewaters in Greece. Sci Total Environ 694:133565
32. Gros M, Petrović M, Ginebreda A, Barceló D (2010) Removal of pharmaceuticals during
wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes. Environ Int
36(1):15–26
33. Falås P, Andersen HR, Ledin A, La Cour JJ (2012) Occurrence and reduction of pharmaceuticals in the water phase at Swedish wastewater treatment plants. Water Sci Technol 66
(4):783–791
34. Dalgic G, Turkdogan FI, Yetilmezsoy K, Kocak E (2017) Treatment of real paracetamol
wastewater by Fenton process. Chem Ind Chem Eng Q 23(2):177–186
35. Lindim C, Van Gils J, Georgieva D, Mekenyan O, Cousins IT (2016) Evaluation of human
pharmaceutical emissions and concentrations in Swedish river basins. Sci Total Environ
572:508–519
142
B. Nunes