246
H. K. Chauhan et al.
Jules ES, Rathcke BJ (1999) Mechanisms of reduced Trillium recruitment along edges of old-growth
forest fragments. Conserv Biol 13(4):784–793
Kahmen A, Jules ES (2005) Assessing the recovery of a long-lived herb following logging: Trillium
ovatum across a 424-year chronosequence. For Ecol Manag 210(1):107–116
Kala CP (2000) Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian
trans-Himalaya. Biol Conserv 93(3):371–379
Kala CP (2005) Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal
plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conserv Biol 19(2):368–378
Kala CP, Dhyani PP, Sajwan BS (2006) Developing the medicinal plants sector in northern India:
challenges and opportunities. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2(1):32
Kawano S (1994) World Trillium: life history and evolution. World Plant Monogr Ser 1:1–96
Khan SM, Page S, Ahmad H, Shaheen H, Ullah Z, Ahmad M, Harper DM (2013) Medicinal flora
and ethnoecological knowledge in the Naran Valley, Western Himalaya, Pakistan. J Ethnobiol
Ethnomed 9(1):4
Khan KM, Nahar L, Al-Groshi A, Zavoianu AG, Evans A, Dempster NM, Wansi JD, Ismail F,
Mannan A, Sarker SD (2016) Cytotoxicity of the roots of Trillium govanianum against breast
(MCF7), liver (HepG2), lung (A549) and urinary bladder (EJ138) carcinoma cells. Phytother Res
30(10):1716–1720
Khan KM, Nahar L, Mannan A, Haq IU, Arfan M, Khan GA, Hussain I, Sarker SD (2017) Cytotoxicity, in vitro anti-Leishmanial and fingerprint HPLC-photodiode array analysis of the roots
of Trillium govanianum. Nat Prod Res 5:1–19
Kubota S, Kameyama Y, Ohara M (2006) A reconsideration of relationships among Japanese Trillium species based on karyology and AFLP data. Plant Syst Evol 261(1):129–137
Kubota S, Kameyama Y, Hirao AS, Ohara M (2008) Adaptive significance of self-fertilization in a
hermaphroditic perennial, Trillium camschatcense (Melanthiaceae). Am J Bot 95(4):482–489
Nivot N, Olivier A, Lapointe L (2008) Vegetative propagation of five northern forest understory
plant species from either rhizome or stem sections. HortScience 43(5):1531–1537
Ohara M (1989) Life history evolution in the genus Trillium. Plant Species Biol 4(1):1–28
Ohara M, Kawano S (1986) Life history studies on the genus Trillium (Liliaceae) I. Reproductive
biology of four Japanese species. Plant Species Biol 1(1):35–45
Ohara M, Kawano S (2005) Life-history monographs of Japanese plants. 2: Trillium camschatcense
Ker-Gawl. (Trilliaceae). Plant Species Biol 20(1):75–82
Ohara M, Tomimatsu H, Takada T, Kawano S (2006) Importance of life-history studies for conservation of fragmented populations: a case study of the understory herb, Trillium camschatcense.
Plant Species Biol 21(1):1–12
Ordonez A, Williams JW, Svenning JC (2016) Mapping climatic mechanisms likely to favour the
emergence of novel communities. Nat Clim Change 6:1104–1109
Osaloo SK, Utech FH, Ohara M, Kawano S (1999) Molecular systematics of Trilliaceae I. Phylogenetic analyses of Trillium using matK gene sequences. J Plant Res 112(1):35–49
Pant S, Samant SS (2010) Ethnobotanical observations in the Mornaula reserve forest of Komoun,
West Himalaya, India. Ethnobot Leafl 2010(2):8
Polunin O, Stainton A (1984) Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press, New Delhi
Rahman SU, Ismail M, Shah MR, Iriti M, Shahid M (2015a) GC/MS analysis, free radical scavenging, anticancer and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activities of Trillium govanianum rhizome.
Bangladesh J Pharmacol 10(3):577–583
Rahman SU, Ismail M, Shah MR, Adhikari A, Anis I, Ahmad MS, Khurram M (2015b) Govanoside
A, a new steroidal saponin from rhizomes of Trillium govanianum. Steroids 104:270–275
Rahman SU, Adhikari A, Ismail M, Raza Shah M, Khurram M, Shahid M, Ali F, Haseeb A, Akbar
F, Iriti M (2016) Beneficial effects of Trillium govanianum rhizomes in pain and inflammation.
Molecules 21(8):1095
Rahman SU, Ismail M, Khurram M, Ullah I, Rabbi F, Iriti M (2017a) Bioactive steroids and saponins
of the genus Trillium. Molecules 22(12):2156
H. K. Chauhan et al.
Jules ES, Rathcke BJ (1999) Mechanisms of reduced Trillium recruitment along edges of old-growth
forest fragments. Conserv Biol 13(4):784–793
Kahmen A, Jules ES (2005) Assessing the recovery of a long-lived herb following logging: Trillium
ovatum across a 424-year chronosequence. For Ecol Manag 210(1):107–116
Kala CP (2000) Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian
trans-Himalaya. Biol Conserv 93(3):371–379
Kala CP (2005) Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal
plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conserv Biol 19(2):368–378
Kala CP, Dhyani PP, Sajwan BS (2006) Developing the medicinal plants sector in northern India:
challenges and opportunities. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2(1):32
Kawano S (1994) World Trillium: life history and evolution. World Plant Monogr Ser 1:1–96
Khan SM, Page S, Ahmad H, Shaheen H, Ullah Z, Ahmad M, Harper DM (2013) Medicinal flora
and ethnoecological knowledge in the Naran Valley, Western Himalaya, Pakistan. J Ethnobiol
Ethnomed 9(1):4
Khan KM, Nahar L, Al-Groshi A, Zavoianu AG, Evans A, Dempster NM, Wansi JD, Ismail F,
Mannan A, Sarker SD (2016) Cytotoxicity of the roots of Trillium govanianum against breast
(MCF7), liver (HepG2), lung (A549) and urinary bladder (EJ138) carcinoma cells. Phytother Res
30(10):1716–1720
Khan KM, Nahar L, Mannan A, Haq IU, Arfan M, Khan GA, Hussain I, Sarker SD (2017) Cytotoxicity, in vitro anti-Leishmanial and fingerprint HPLC-photodiode array analysis of the roots
of Trillium govanianum. Nat Prod Res 5:1–19
Kubota S, Kameyama Y, Ohara M (2006) A reconsideration of relationships among Japanese Trillium species based on karyology and AFLP data. Plant Syst Evol 261(1):129–137
Kubota S, Kameyama Y, Hirao AS, Ohara M (2008) Adaptive significance of self-fertilization in a
hermaphroditic perennial, Trillium camschatcense (Melanthiaceae). Am J Bot 95(4):482–489
Nivot N, Olivier A, Lapointe L (2008) Vegetative propagation of five northern forest understory
plant species from either rhizome or stem sections. HortScience 43(5):1531–1537
Ohara M (1989) Life history evolution in the genus Trillium. Plant Species Biol 4(1):1–28
Ohara M, Kawano S (1986) Life history studies on the genus Trillium (Liliaceae) I. Reproductive
biology of four Japanese species. Plant Species Biol 1(1):35–45
Ohara M, Kawano S (2005) Life-history monographs of Japanese plants. 2: Trillium camschatcense
Ker-Gawl. (Trilliaceae). Plant Species Biol 20(1):75–82
Ohara M, Tomimatsu H, Takada T, Kawano S (2006) Importance of life-history studies for conservation of fragmented populations: a case study of the understory herb, Trillium camschatcense.
Plant Species Biol 21(1):1–12
Ordonez A, Williams JW, Svenning JC (2016) Mapping climatic mechanisms likely to favour the
emergence of novel communities. Nat Clim Change 6:1104–1109
Osaloo SK, Utech FH, Ohara M, Kawano S (1999) Molecular systematics of Trilliaceae I. Phylogenetic analyses of Trillium using matK gene sequences. J Plant Res 112(1):35–49
Pant S, Samant SS (2010) Ethnobotanical observations in the Mornaula reserve forest of Komoun,
West Himalaya, India. Ethnobot Leafl 2010(2):8
Polunin O, Stainton A (1984) Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press, New Delhi
Rahman SU, Ismail M, Shah MR, Iriti M, Shahid M (2015a) GC/MS analysis, free radical scavenging, anticancer and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activities of Trillium govanianum rhizome.
Bangladesh J Pharmacol 10(3):577–583
Rahman SU, Ismail M, Shah MR, Adhikari A, Anis I, Ahmad MS, Khurram M (2015b) Govanoside
A, a new steroidal saponin from rhizomes of Trillium govanianum. Steroids 104:270–275
Rahman SU, Adhikari A, Ismail M, Raza Shah M, Khurram M, Shahid M, Ali F, Haseeb A, Akbar
F, Iriti M (2016) Beneficial effects of Trillium govanianum rhizomes in pain and inflammation.
Molecules 21(8):1095
Rahman SU, Ismail M, Khurram M, Ullah I, Rabbi F, Iriti M (2017a) Bioactive steroids and saponins
of the genus Trillium. Molecules 22(12):2156