Biology, Uses and Conservation of Trillium govanianum
245
into the policy, habitat restoration, and long term monitoring programmes should be
among the top conservation priorities for this species. The proper baseline data on
resource availability and environmental requirements for the species is needed for
the conservation. There is an urgent need of actions for developing in situ and ex situ
propagation protocols, and monitoring of trade and harvesting practices for ensuring
the sustainable utilization of the species.
References
Ajuha PS (2013) Annual report 2012–2013. CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology,
Palmapur, Himachal Pradesh, India. http://www.ihbt.res.in/images/Annual_Reports/AR2012_
13.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016
Bhatt A, Joshi SK, Gairola S (2005) Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo—a west Himalayan
orchid in peril. Curr Sci 89(4):610–612
Booker A, Johnston D, Heinrich M (2012) Value chains of herbal medicines—research needs and
key challenges in the context of ethnopharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 140(3):624–633
Case FW Jr, Case RB (1997) Trilliums. Timber Press, Oregon
Chaudhary S, Chikara SK, Sharma MC, Chaudhary A, Alam Syed B, Chaudhary PS, Mehta A, Patel
M, Ghosh A, Iriti M (2015) Elicitation of diosgenin production in Trigonella foenum-graecum
(Fenugreek) seedlings by methyl jasmonate. Int J Mol Sci 16(12):29889–29899
Chauhan HK, Bisht AK, Bhatt ID, Bhatt A, Gallacher D, Santo A (2018) Population change of
Trillium govanianum (Melanthiaceae) amid altered indigenous harvesting practices in the Indian
Himalayas. J Ethnopharmacol 213:302–310
Chauhan HK, Bisht AK, Bhatt ID, Bhatt A, Gallacher D (2019) Trillium—toward sustainable
utilization of a biologically distinct genus valued for traditional medicine. Bot Rev 1–21
Chevallier A (1996) Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Dorling Kindersley Pty Limited, St Leonards,
New South Wales
Christenhusz MJ, Byng JW (2016) The number of known plants species in the world and its annual
increase. Phytotaxa 261(3):201–217
Dhar U, Rawal RS, Upreti J (2000) Setting priorities for conservation of medicinal plants—a case
study in the Indian Himalaya. Biol Conserv 95(1):57–65
Fu LK, Chin CM (1992) Plant red book of China: rare threatened plant. Science Publishing House
Press, Beijing
Gonzales E, Hamrick JL, Smouse PE (2008) Comparison of clonal diversity in mountain and piedmont populations of Trillium cuneatum (Melanthiaceae-Trilliaceae), a forest understory species.
Am J Bot 95(10):1254–1261
Goraya GS, Ved DK, Ravikumar K, Rawat RS (2017) Domestic trade of herbal raw drugs. In:
Goraya GS, Ved DK (eds) Medicinal plants in India: an assessment of their demand and supply.
National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi and
Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Dehradun, India
Hanzawa FM, Kalisz S (1993) The relationship between age, size, and reproduction in Trillium
grandiflorum (Liliaceae). Am J Bot 405–410
Hayes PY, Lehmann R, Penman K, Kitching W, De Voss JJ (2009) Steroidal saponins from the
roots of Trillium erectum (Beth root). Phytochemistry 70(1):105–113
Hooker JD (1894) Flora of British India, Published under the authority of the secretary of state for
India in Council, vol 3. Reeve and Co., Ltd., The Oast House, Brook, Ashford, Kent, p 553
Jules ES (1997) History and biological consequences of forest fragmentation: a study of Trillium
ovatum in southwestern Oregon. Doctoral dissertation
245
into the policy, habitat restoration, and long term monitoring programmes should be
among the top conservation priorities for this species. The proper baseline data on
resource availability and environmental requirements for the species is needed for
the conservation. There is an urgent need of actions for developing in situ and ex situ
propagation protocols, and monitoring of trade and harvesting practices for ensuring
the sustainable utilization of the species.
References
Ajuha PS (2013) Annual report 2012–2013. CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology,
Palmapur, Himachal Pradesh, India. http://www.ihbt.res.in/images/Annual_Reports/AR2012_
13.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016
Bhatt A, Joshi SK, Gairola S (2005) Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo—a west Himalayan
orchid in peril. Curr Sci 89(4):610–612
Booker A, Johnston D, Heinrich M (2012) Value chains of herbal medicines—research needs and
key challenges in the context of ethnopharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 140(3):624–633
Case FW Jr, Case RB (1997) Trilliums. Timber Press, Oregon
Chaudhary S, Chikara SK, Sharma MC, Chaudhary A, Alam Syed B, Chaudhary PS, Mehta A, Patel
M, Ghosh A, Iriti M (2015) Elicitation of diosgenin production in Trigonella foenum-graecum
(Fenugreek) seedlings by methyl jasmonate. Int J Mol Sci 16(12):29889–29899
Chauhan HK, Bisht AK, Bhatt ID, Bhatt A, Gallacher D, Santo A (2018) Population change of
Trillium govanianum (Melanthiaceae) amid altered indigenous harvesting practices in the Indian
Himalayas. J Ethnopharmacol 213:302–310
Chauhan HK, Bisht AK, Bhatt ID, Bhatt A, Gallacher D (2019) Trillium—toward sustainable
utilization of a biologically distinct genus valued for traditional medicine. Bot Rev 1–21
Chevallier A (1996) Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Dorling Kindersley Pty Limited, St Leonards,
New South Wales
Christenhusz MJ, Byng JW (2016) The number of known plants species in the world and its annual
increase. Phytotaxa 261(3):201–217
Dhar U, Rawal RS, Upreti J (2000) Setting priorities for conservation of medicinal plants—a case
study in the Indian Himalaya. Biol Conserv 95(1):57–65
Fu LK, Chin CM (1992) Plant red book of China: rare threatened plant. Science Publishing House
Press, Beijing
Gonzales E, Hamrick JL, Smouse PE (2008) Comparison of clonal diversity in mountain and piedmont populations of Trillium cuneatum (Melanthiaceae-Trilliaceae), a forest understory species.
Am J Bot 95(10):1254–1261
Goraya GS, Ved DK, Ravikumar K, Rawat RS (2017) Domestic trade of herbal raw drugs. In:
Goraya GS, Ved DK (eds) Medicinal plants in India: an assessment of their demand and supply.
National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi and
Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Dehradun, India
Hanzawa FM, Kalisz S (1993) The relationship between age, size, and reproduction in Trillium
grandiflorum (Liliaceae). Am J Bot 405–410
Hayes PY, Lehmann R, Penman K, Kitching W, De Voss JJ (2009) Steroidal saponins from the
roots of Trillium erectum (Beth root). Phytochemistry 70(1):105–113
Hooker JD (1894) Flora of British India, Published under the authority of the secretary of state for
India in Council, vol 3. Reeve and Co., Ltd., The Oast House, Brook, Ashford, Kent, p 553
Jules ES (1997) History and biological consequences of forest fragmentation: a study of Trillium
ovatum in southwestern Oregon. Doctoral dissertation