66
(Pitcher et al. 2009). There has been notable effort on the application of the
Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries.
Governance of fisheries and aquaculture will be greatly influenced by the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The 17 SDGs and their 169 targets provide a framework to guide actions of governments, international agencies, civil society and other institutions over the next
15 years with the ambitious aim of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. The
Paris Agreement recognizes that climate change is a fundamental threat to global
food security, sustainable development and poverty eradication.
Steps are being taken to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, control fishing capacity and implement plans for the conservation of sharks and
seabirds. Food safety and quality assurance have been given prime importance, and
there is increased attention to addressing post-harvest losses, bycatch problems, and
illegal processing and trading. Many of the plans of actions, taken up under the
aegis of FAO, represent a global consensus on principles and guidance towards
fisheries governance and development towards enhanced food security and nutrition. Voluntary certification schemes and their uptake by major import markets have
increased dramatically. Such schemes can provide effective incentives for adherence to practices promoting sustainability.
The innovative five-year ABNJ Program, which started in 2014, and the Global
Aquaculture Advancement Partnership (GAAP) programme established by FAO,
aims to bring partners together to channel their technical, institutional and financial
resources effectively and efficiently in support of global, regional and national fisheries related goals.
5 Climate Change and Fisheries
Vivekanandan (2011), based on the trajectory suggested by HadCM3 for SRES A2
scenario, had predicted that the annual average sea surface temperature in the Indian
seas would increase by 2.0 °C to 3.5 °C by 2099. The anomalies in the upwelling
index and the extreme climate conditions was also recorded in the study, which
points to possible role of these climate changes on a functional and biological level
in marine organisms. Prasanna Kumar et al. (2009) had described the linkages
occurring due to changed climatic conditions, affecting the land mass and resultant
increase in the phytoplankton productivity in the oceans.
The scale of organism-level changes on the recruitment, biomass and fishery
depend on the environmental variables and food availability in different regions.
Change in the climate would have far-reaching consequences both in terms of
recruitment and growth, though initial higher temperatures would favour faster
growth (Jackson and Moltschaniwskyj 2001). The area occupied by a species may
expand, shrink or be relocated. This will induce increases, decreases and shifts in
the distribution of marine fish, with some areas benefiting and others losing in the
Indian scenario and elsewhere (Krishna Kumar and Bhat 2007; Lam et al. 2016).
C. N. Ravishankar and V. R. Madhu
(Pitcher et al. 2009). There has been notable effort on the application of the
Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries.
Governance of fisheries and aquaculture will be greatly influenced by the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The 17 SDGs and their 169 targets provide a framework to guide actions of governments, international agencies, civil society and other institutions over the next
15 years with the ambitious aim of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. The
Paris Agreement recognizes that climate change is a fundamental threat to global
food security, sustainable development and poverty eradication.
Steps are being taken to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, control fishing capacity and implement plans for the conservation of sharks and
seabirds. Food safety and quality assurance have been given prime importance, and
there is increased attention to addressing post-harvest losses, bycatch problems, and
illegal processing and trading. Many of the plans of actions, taken up under the
aegis of FAO, represent a global consensus on principles and guidance towards
fisheries governance and development towards enhanced food security and nutrition. Voluntary certification schemes and their uptake by major import markets have
increased dramatically. Such schemes can provide effective incentives for adherence to practices promoting sustainability.
The innovative five-year ABNJ Program, which started in 2014, and the Global
Aquaculture Advancement Partnership (GAAP) programme established by FAO,
aims to bring partners together to channel their technical, institutional and financial
resources effectively and efficiently in support of global, regional and national fisheries related goals.
5 Climate Change and Fisheries
Vivekanandan (2011), based on the trajectory suggested by HadCM3 for SRES A2
scenario, had predicted that the annual average sea surface temperature in the Indian
seas would increase by 2.0 °C to 3.5 °C by 2099. The anomalies in the upwelling
index and the extreme climate conditions was also recorded in the study, which
points to possible role of these climate changes on a functional and biological level
in marine organisms. Prasanna Kumar et al. (2009) had described the linkages
occurring due to changed climatic conditions, affecting the land mass and resultant
increase in the phytoplankton productivity in the oceans.
The scale of organism-level changes on the recruitment, biomass and fishery
depend on the environmental variables and food availability in different regions.
Change in the climate would have far-reaching consequences both in terms of
recruitment and growth, though initial higher temperatures would favour faster
growth (Jackson and Moltschaniwskyj 2001). The area occupied by a species may
expand, shrink or be relocated. This will induce increases, decreases and shifts in
the distribution of marine fish, with some areas benefiting and others losing in the
Indian scenario and elsewhere (Krishna Kumar and Bhat 2007; Lam et al. 2016).
C. N. Ravishankar and V. R. Madhu