12.3 Experimental Program
12.3.1 Concrete Mix Proportioning
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and finding their relative proportions is called as concrete mix design.
IS 10262: 2009 guidelines were used for mix design. The concrete mix proportion of 1:1.6:2.6 (cement: fine aggregate: coarse
aggregate) by weight with constant water cement ratio of 0.45 was adopted in the present experimental investigation. The
batching of mix proportions with different percentages of copper slag is shown in Table 12.5.
12.3.2 Batching and Mixing
The quantities of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, copper slag and water for each batch has been weighed as per mix
design to an accuracy of 0.05 kg separately. The concrete mixes were prepared by conventional hand mixing method on the
non water absorbent tray with the help of trowel. The fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement and copper slag were dry mixed
in tray thoroughly to get a uniform mixture throughout the batch and required dosage of potable water is then added in the
course of mixing. A control mix without adding copper slag (CS 00) was casted (control mix) to make a comparative analysis
with concrete mixes of partially replaced fine aggregate by copper slag (CS 20 to CS 55).
12.3.3 Casting of Specimen
Concrete cubes were casted with different percentages of copper slag attempted as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in
order to examine the effect of copper slag replacement on the strength of conventional regular concrete, the variations are
presented in Table 12.5. With varying percentage of copper slag (0%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%) eight mixtures
Table 12.5 Mix proportion
Mix proportion
Cement (Kg)
Fine aggregate (Kg)
Copper slag (Kg)
Coarse aggregate (Kg)
Water (lit)
CS 00
4.744
7.220
0
12.76
2.123
CS 20
4.744
5.776
1.444
12.76
2.123
CS 30
4.744
5.054
2.166
12.76
2.123
CS 35
4.744
4.693
2.527
12.76
2.123
CS 40
4.744
4.332
2.888
12.76
2.123
CS 45
4.744
3.971
3.249
12.76
2.123
CS 50
4.744
3.610
3.610
12.76
2.123
CS 55
4.744
3.249
3.971
12.76
2.123
Fig. 12.3 Sieve analysis of Copper slag
84
G. L. Easwara Prasad et al.
12.3.1 Concrete Mix Proportioning
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and finding their relative proportions is called as concrete mix design.
IS 10262: 2009 guidelines were used for mix design. The concrete mix proportion of 1:1.6:2.6 (cement: fine aggregate: coarse
aggregate) by weight with constant water cement ratio of 0.45 was adopted in the present experimental investigation. The
batching of mix proportions with different percentages of copper slag is shown in Table 12.5.
12.3.2 Batching and Mixing
The quantities of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, copper slag and water for each batch has been weighed as per mix
design to an accuracy of 0.05 kg separately. The concrete mixes were prepared by conventional hand mixing method on the
non water absorbent tray with the help of trowel. The fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement and copper slag were dry mixed
in tray thoroughly to get a uniform mixture throughout the batch and required dosage of potable water is then added in the
course of mixing. A control mix without adding copper slag (CS 00) was casted (control mix) to make a comparative analysis
with concrete mixes of partially replaced fine aggregate by copper slag (CS 20 to CS 55).
12.3.3 Casting of Specimen
Concrete cubes were casted with different percentages of copper slag attempted as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in
order to examine the effect of copper slag replacement on the strength of conventional regular concrete, the variations are
presented in Table 12.5. With varying percentage of copper slag (0%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%) eight mixtures
Table 12.5 Mix proportion
Mix proportion
Cement (Kg)
Fine aggregate (Kg)
Copper slag (Kg)
Coarse aggregate (Kg)
Water (lit)
CS 00
4.744
7.220
0
12.76
2.123
CS 20
4.744
5.776
1.444
12.76
2.123
CS 30
4.744
5.054
2.166
12.76
2.123
CS 35
4.744
4.693
2.527
12.76
2.123
CS 40
4.744
4.332
2.888
12.76
2.123
CS 45
4.744
3.971
3.249
12.76
2.123
CS 50
4.744
3.610
3.610
12.76
2.123
CS 55
4.744
3.249
3.971
12.76
2.123
Fig. 12.3 Sieve analysis of Copper slag
84
G. L. Easwara Prasad et al.