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S. Chourasia et al.
Fig. 5 Combustion analysis. a Load versus P max , b load versus DP, c CA versus NHR, d CA versus
P max
stages of fuel injection. During the initial stages, the atomized fuel injected into
the engine absorbs the heat from high-temperature air and starts vaporizing. The
reaction between the molecules of the fuel starts in the absence of flame that is
known as pre-flame combustion. Due to pre-flame combustion, the pressure of the
cylinder decreases and reaches the minimum value, at which the rate of net heat
absorption is equal to the rate of net heat release. After this, the cylinder pressure
increases due to an increase in the rate of NHR as the combustion of fuel starts.
Figure 5d shows the variation of P max with a crank angle at 100% loading condition.
Maximum pressure is obtained with the C15R15 blend, and the minimum is obtained
with a W5 S2 HLB6 emulsified blend due to low calorific value.
3.4 Emission Analysis
Figure 6 shows the effects of emulsified fuel on emission analysis (NO x , HC, CC