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M. V. Mansaram et al.
novel manufacturing processes are required to be developed. Amid newly developed
manufacturing processes, one of the processes is additive manufacturing. Additive
manufacturing is a technique that can manufacture accurate and durable end-use
products with lesser time. It can develop part by adding a layer over one another
in a particular sequence. According to the machining software-defined, the material
is going to add over one another layer, and product development time and material
wastage can be subsequently reduced as compared to metal removing method. It is
also called rapid prototyping or three-dimensional printing and is widely used for
generating three-dimensional parts with complex geometry directly from a computer
without using a tool, dies, fixture, and human interaction.
A study made by Anitha et al. [1] shows the stimulus of critical variables upon
output characteristics of the FDM part, such as dimensional accuracy and surface
finish adopting the Taguchi approach. Mohamed et al. [2] have developed a mathematical model to study the nonlinear relationship between input parameters and
dimensional accuracy and suggested an optimal condition to optimize the FDM
process parameters. Thrimurthulu et al. [3] have shown the optimum part build
orientation with reduced build time for enhancing part surface finish. Sood et al.
[4] have addressed the issue of estimating the impact of input variables viz. air
gap, raster width, layer thickness, raster angle, orientation, and interactions between
them on the dimensional accuracy of FDM processed part made up of ABSP400
(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). The results reveal that the shrinkage affects more
along the width and length direction, but an increase in dimension is observed along
the thickness direction. The optimum parameter setting has been found out using
the Taguchi approach. Output responses have been converted into a single response
using gray relation analysis. Lastly, the gray-Taguchi approach is implemented for
process parameter optimization. Croccolo et al. [5] have evaluated the stiffness and
tensile strength of the FDM parts by tuning various parameters and compared them
analytically and experimentally. An investigation made by Es-Said et al. [6] shows the
influence of orientations for the parts build by ABS material in terms of strength. The
study further reveals that the samples with zero-degree orientation have the maximum
strength. Zhu et al. [7] have indicated that deviation of dimensions occurs while the
CAD model was transformed into an STL file. Galantucci et al. [8] have studied the
surface roughness of the FDM part and identified significant parameters affecting
surface roughness through the design of experiment approach. It is suggested that
chemical post-treatment of the part improves dimensional accuracy. Rattanawong
et al. [9] have studied the volumetric error of an FDM part. It is concluded that
build orientation causes the staircase effect resulting in volumetric error. A study
was made by Mishra et al. [10] to explore the parametric influence of FDM fabricated parts. The strength of the parts was examined under wear condition, dynamic
loading condition, and static loading condition. It is concluded that the anisotropic
behavior of the FDM part is caused by a raster filling pattern during part building.
Using central composite design (CCD), Panda et al. [11] conducted experiments and
developed an experimental model concerning all variables and their responses.
The major problem faced with the FDM part is its dimensional accuracy. The
present study shows the factors affecting dimensional accuracy and how these factors
M. V. Mansaram et al.
novel manufacturing processes are required to be developed. Amid newly developed
manufacturing processes, one of the processes is additive manufacturing. Additive
manufacturing is a technique that can manufacture accurate and durable end-use
products with lesser time. It can develop part by adding a layer over one another
in a particular sequence. According to the machining software-defined, the material
is going to add over one another layer, and product development time and material
wastage can be subsequently reduced as compared to metal removing method. It is
also called rapid prototyping or three-dimensional printing and is widely used for
generating three-dimensional parts with complex geometry directly from a computer
without using a tool, dies, fixture, and human interaction.
A study made by Anitha et al. [1] shows the stimulus of critical variables upon
output characteristics of the FDM part, such as dimensional accuracy and surface
finish adopting the Taguchi approach. Mohamed et al. [2] have developed a mathematical model to study the nonlinear relationship between input parameters and
dimensional accuracy and suggested an optimal condition to optimize the FDM
process parameters. Thrimurthulu et al. [3] have shown the optimum part build
orientation with reduced build time for enhancing part surface finish. Sood et al.
[4] have addressed the issue of estimating the impact of input variables viz. air
gap, raster width, layer thickness, raster angle, orientation, and interactions between
them on the dimensional accuracy of FDM processed part made up of ABSP400
(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). The results reveal that the shrinkage affects more
along the width and length direction, but an increase in dimension is observed along
the thickness direction. The optimum parameter setting has been found out using
the Taguchi approach. Output responses have been converted into a single response
using gray relation analysis. Lastly, the gray-Taguchi approach is implemented for
process parameter optimization. Croccolo et al. [5] have evaluated the stiffness and
tensile strength of the FDM parts by tuning various parameters and compared them
analytically and experimentally. An investigation made by Es-Said et al. [6] shows the
influence of orientations for the parts build by ABS material in terms of strength. The
study further reveals that the samples with zero-degree orientation have the maximum
strength. Zhu et al. [7] have indicated that deviation of dimensions occurs while the
CAD model was transformed into an STL file. Galantucci et al. [8] have studied the
surface roughness of the FDM part and identified significant parameters affecting
surface roughness through the design of experiment approach. It is suggested that
chemical post-treatment of the part improves dimensional accuracy. Rattanawong
et al. [9] have studied the volumetric error of an FDM part. It is concluded that
build orientation causes the staircase effect resulting in volumetric error. A study
was made by Mishra et al. [10] to explore the parametric influence of FDM fabricated parts. The strength of the parts was examined under wear condition, dynamic
loading condition, and static loading condition. It is concluded that the anisotropic
behavior of the FDM part is caused by a raster filling pattern during part building.
Using central composite design (CCD), Panda et al. [11] conducted experiments and
developed an experimental model concerning all variables and their responses.
The major problem faced with the FDM part is its dimensional accuracy. The
present study shows the factors affecting dimensional accuracy and how these factors