594
P. Liu
wing aircraft in the same year. In 1809, Kelly began to study the relationship between fish and what we call streamline today, successfully built the
first full-scale glider in the history of aviation and carried out test flight. In
1809, his paper On Air Navigation was published in the Journal of Natural
Philosophy, in which he put forward very important scientific conclusions:
(1) the definition of four kinds of forces acting on the air heavier aircraft: lift,
gravity, thrust, and drag; (2) the mechanism of determining lift is separated
from that of thrust. At that time, Kelly had realized that bird wings not only
have the function of propulsion, but also have the function of generating lift
and it is much easier for human aircraft to realize the above functions with
different devices than to simply imitate the flight actions of birds. This important discovery laid the basic idea and theoretical foundation of the fixed-wing
aircraft. He described fixed wing, tail, fuselage, and elevator, explained the
role of wings, and pointed out the appropriate stability; then he mentioned
that the aircraft must be windward, and there must be vertical and horizontal
rudder surfaces. Kelly’s paper also described the relationship between speed
and lift, and at the same time he pointed out that the reduction of wing load,
tension, and gravity, even the principle of internal combustion engine and the
streamline appearance are important for aircraft design. He had pointed out
that the whole problem of mechanical flight is to provide power to a flat
plate, make it generate lift force in the air flow, and support a certain mass.
His paper On Air Navigation is regarded as the starting line of aviation theory
by later generations (Fig. 8.12).
8.13 Gauss (1777–1855)
Gauss (1777–1855) was a German mathematician, physicist, astronomer,
and geodesist. Gauss is the founder of modern mathematics, considered to
be one of the most important mathematicians in history, and enjoys the
title of “Prince of mathematics". Gauss, Archimedes, and Newton are the
three greatest mathematicians in the world. He has made great achievements in his life and there are 110 achievements named after his name
Gauss, which is the most among mathematicians. Gauss has a great influence on history, which can be paralleled with that of Archimedes, Newton,
and Euler. Gauss’s mathematical research is almost all over the field, and he
had made pioneering contributions in number theory, algebra, non-Euclidean
geometry, complex function, and differential geometry. He also applied mathematics to astronomy, geodesy, and magnetism, and invented the principle of
least square method. Gauss had published 155 papers in his whole life. He
P. Liu
wing aircraft in the same year. In 1809, Kelly began to study the relationship between fish and what we call streamline today, successfully built the
first full-scale glider in the history of aviation and carried out test flight. In
1809, his paper On Air Navigation was published in the Journal of Natural
Philosophy, in which he put forward very important scientific conclusions:
(1) the definition of four kinds of forces acting on the air heavier aircraft: lift,
gravity, thrust, and drag; (2) the mechanism of determining lift is separated
from that of thrust. At that time, Kelly had realized that bird wings not only
have the function of propulsion, but also have the function of generating lift
and it is much easier for human aircraft to realize the above functions with
different devices than to simply imitate the flight actions of birds. This important discovery laid the basic idea and theoretical foundation of the fixed-wing
aircraft. He described fixed wing, tail, fuselage, and elevator, explained the
role of wings, and pointed out the appropriate stability; then he mentioned
that the aircraft must be windward, and there must be vertical and horizontal
rudder surfaces. Kelly’s paper also described the relationship between speed
and lift, and at the same time he pointed out that the reduction of wing load,
tension, and gravity, even the principle of internal combustion engine and the
streamline appearance are important for aircraft design. He had pointed out
that the whole problem of mechanical flight is to provide power to a flat
plate, make it generate lift force in the air flow, and support a certain mass.
His paper On Air Navigation is regarded as the starting line of aviation theory
by later generations (Fig. 8.12).
8.13 Gauss (1777–1855)
Gauss (1777–1855) was a German mathematician, physicist, astronomer,
and geodesist. Gauss is the founder of modern mathematics, considered to
be one of the most important mathematicians in history, and enjoys the
title of “Prince of mathematics". Gauss, Archimedes, and Newton are the
three greatest mathematicians in the world. He has made great achievements in his life and there are 110 achievements named after his name
Gauss, which is the most among mathematicians. Gauss has a great influence on history, which can be paralleled with that of Archimedes, Newton,
and Euler. Gauss’s mathematical research is almost all over the field, and he
had made pioneering contributions in number theory, algebra, non-Euclidean
geometry, complex function, and differential geometry. He also applied mathematics to astronomy, geodesy, and magnetism, and invented the principle of
least square method. Gauss had published 155 papers in his whole life. He