42
P. Liu
Fig. 1.47 Rayleigh (1842–1919, British physicist)
Fig. 1.48 Lorentz (1853–1928, Dutch physicist)
In 1960s, Kline, the American scholar, studied the transition phenomena
in the boundary layer of a flat plate using hydrogen bubble technology (as
shown in Fig. 1.49). It was found that the instability of the boundary layer
begins with the two-dimensional T/S (Tollmien–Schlichting) wave instability,
and then three-dimensional horseshoe vortices, such as stretching and deformation, fragmentation, ejection, and sweep, appear in turn (as shown in
Fig. 1.50). This constitutes the basis of stability theory.
Layer loss is a stable turbulence, and one of the most obvious characteristics is the randomness of turbulence. It has been found that the
stochastic characteristics of turbulence come not only from various disturbances and excitations of external boundary conditions, but also from the
internal non-linear mechanism. The discovery of chaos has greatly impacted
the deterministic theory. The deterministic system of equations is not like
P. Liu
Fig. 1.47 Rayleigh (1842–1919, British physicist)
Fig. 1.48 Lorentz (1853–1928, Dutch physicist)
In 1960s, Kline, the American scholar, studied the transition phenomena
in the boundary layer of a flat plate using hydrogen bubble technology (as
shown in Fig. 1.49). It was found that the instability of the boundary layer
begins with the two-dimensional T/S (Tollmien–Schlichting) wave instability,
and then three-dimensional horseshoe vortices, such as stretching and deformation, fragmentation, ejection, and sweep, appear in turn (as shown in
Fig. 1.50). This constitutes the basis of stability theory.
Layer loss is a stable turbulence, and one of the most obvious characteristics is the randomness of turbulence. It has been found that the
stochastic characteristics of turbulence come not only from various disturbances and excitations of external boundary conditions, but also from the
internal non-linear mechanism. The discovery of chaos has greatly impacted
the deterministic theory. The deterministic system of equations is not like