analyte or have the selective response for particular analyte. The response of the
nanocomposite with carboxylic acid-functionalized multi-walled CNT (MWCNT)
sensor toward aliphatic alcohol vapor was significantly improved compared to
pristine polymer. The response of nanocomposite sensor was substantially improved
toward methanol and ethanol as functionalized MWCNT favorably interacts with the
poly(m-aminophenol) chains and subsequently generates a pathway for possible
H-bonding/dipole interactions with the alcohol molecules (Verma et al. 2015). The
selectivity of the methanol and ethanol vapor was further increased by using sulfonic
acid-functionalized MWCNT/poly(m-aminophenol) nanocomposite through
hydrogen-bonding interaction with the polymer as well as strong dielectric interaction with the nanofillers (Verma et al. 2017a). The response was observed more
selectively toward ethanol only for polymer nanocomposite with aminefunctionalized MWCNT due to balancing of hydrogen-bonding/dipole interactions
(Verma et al. 2017b). The selective detection of carbon monoxide gas at room
temperature using reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite with palladium-loaded
tin dioxide nanoparticles was explained by special interactions between palladiumloaded tin dioxide as well as reduced graphene oxide nanosheets having high
specific surface area and good conductivity (Shojaee et al. 2018).
10.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are not simply miniaturization of macro- or micro-materials, but the
nano-world lies midway between the scale of atomic and quantum phenomena. The
transition from macro- or micro-materials to nanomaterials yields dramatic changes
in various properties due to having a large surface area for a given volume, i.e., high
aspect ratios. For nanomaterials, the size-dependent properties are observed such as
quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance in
some metal particles, superparamagnetism in magnetic materials, etc. Thus the
synthesis of various nanomaterials should be optimized to obtain nanomaterials
with precise size and narrow distribution of size.
10.3.1 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials
In general, the nanoclay minerals are a class of naturally occurring phyllosilicates
and usually formed as a result of environmental process such as chemical
weathering, hydrothermal alterations, and sedimentary rock. However, the synthetic
nanoclay minerals with well-designed composition and structure can be synthesized
in laboratory by inspiring the natural process: (i) synthesis at low temperature close
to early earth surroundings and (ii) transformations from natural minerals. The clay
nanomaterials are also synthesized by most popular low-temperature, hydrothermal
process from primary naturally occurring minerals such as feldspars, albite,
360
P. Kar
nanocomposite with carboxylic acid-functionalized multi-walled CNT (MWCNT)
sensor toward aliphatic alcohol vapor was significantly improved compared to
pristine polymer. The response of nanocomposite sensor was substantially improved
toward methanol and ethanol as functionalized MWCNT favorably interacts with the
poly(m-aminophenol) chains and subsequently generates a pathway for possible
H-bonding/dipole interactions with the alcohol molecules (Verma et al. 2015). The
selectivity of the methanol and ethanol vapor was further increased by using sulfonic
acid-functionalized MWCNT/poly(m-aminophenol) nanocomposite through
hydrogen-bonding interaction with the polymer as well as strong dielectric interaction with the nanofillers (Verma et al. 2017a). The response was observed more
selectively toward ethanol only for polymer nanocomposite with aminefunctionalized MWCNT due to balancing of hydrogen-bonding/dipole interactions
(Verma et al. 2017b). The selective detection of carbon monoxide gas at room
temperature using reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite with palladium-loaded
tin dioxide nanoparticles was explained by special interactions between palladiumloaded tin dioxide as well as reduced graphene oxide nanosheets having high
specific surface area and good conductivity (Shojaee et al. 2018).
10.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are not simply miniaturization of macro- or micro-materials, but the
nano-world lies midway between the scale of atomic and quantum phenomena. The
transition from macro- or micro-materials to nanomaterials yields dramatic changes
in various properties due to having a large surface area for a given volume, i.e., high
aspect ratios. For nanomaterials, the size-dependent properties are observed such as
quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance in
some metal particles, superparamagnetism in magnetic materials, etc. Thus the
synthesis of various nanomaterials should be optimized to obtain nanomaterials
with precise size and narrow distribution of size.
10.3.1 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials
In general, the nanoclay minerals are a class of naturally occurring phyllosilicates
and usually formed as a result of environmental process such as chemical
weathering, hydrothermal alterations, and sedimentary rock. However, the synthetic
nanoclay minerals with well-designed composition and structure can be synthesized
in laboratory by inspiring the natural process: (i) synthesis at low temperature close
to early earth surroundings and (ii) transformations from natural minerals. The clay
nanomaterials are also synthesized by most popular low-temperature, hydrothermal
process from primary naturally occurring minerals such as feldspars, albite,
360
P. Kar