556
R. B˘ atina¸ s et al.
– the underground water body ROCR05 Vas , c˘ au, Codru-Moma Mountains formed
in limestone and Triassic dolomites, has significant quantitative resources, respectively evacuation flows between 0.05 and 139 l/s. The aquifer’s feed is predominantly made from rainfall and subordinated from the gully-erosion waters from the
non-karst slopes of the Va¸ sc˘ au Plateau and infiltrated underground at the entrance to
the carst. The hydrochemical typology inserts this waterbody into the bicarbonatecalcic-magnesian type [85].
16.3.2 Surface Water Resources
16.3.2.1 Elements of Average River Runoff
The rivers in the Apuseni Mountains have a mixed supply, with the predominance
of superficial sources. Thus, the amount of water from rain and snow melting takes
have proportions of 64 and 70% of the total, for the rivers influenced by the karst
(Some¸ sul Cald, Dr˘ agan valley, the upper basin of Cri¸ sul Negru and Arie¸ s river) and
between 70 and 80% for the other watercourses. The area is defined by five types of
water supply, which are differentiated, with specific features, correlated with their
physico-geographic conditions.
(a) The pluvio-nival type with moderate subterranean feeding includes most of the
Apuseni Mountains, overlapping the northeastern, eastern and south-eastern
slopes. Precipitation amounts have values between 36 and 45%, the one from
snow melting 26–35%, while the underground is around 20–35%. This type is
reflected in the regime of the river through large spring waters (April–May) and
frequent floods in other seasons.
(b) The rich underground plovio-nival type, which includes the Aries , basin, where
the underground exceeds 35% due to the extensive carst area it drains.
(c) The moderate pluvial type with moderate pluvial supplying amounts appears
on the western slopes, with rich rainfall throughout the year. Rains participation
is over 35%, snow is below 30%, and groundwater between 24 and 28%. The
thickness of the snow layer and its shorter duration, as well as its discontinuity,
due to the heating times, correlated with winter precipitation, determine a high
frequency of winter floods and the formation of large spring waters starting with
February.
(d) The moderate pluvial type with rich underground feeding is associated with the
upper basin of the Cri¸ sul Negru, where the underground karst contribution to
total exceeds 35%.
(e) The moderate underground supply of nivo-pluvial type has limited extensions
to mountain areas with altitudes above 1700 m from Bihor and Muntele Mare
massifs [31].
The run-off analysis for the watercourses in the Apuseni Mountains was based
on the existing bibliographic data, information from hydrometric stations and water
R. B˘ atina¸ s et al.
– the underground water body ROCR05 Vas , c˘ au, Codru-Moma Mountains formed
in limestone and Triassic dolomites, has significant quantitative resources, respectively evacuation flows between 0.05 and 139 l/s. The aquifer’s feed is predominantly made from rainfall and subordinated from the gully-erosion waters from the
non-karst slopes of the Va¸ sc˘ au Plateau and infiltrated underground at the entrance to
the carst. The hydrochemical typology inserts this waterbody into the bicarbonatecalcic-magnesian type [85].
16.3.2 Surface Water Resources
16.3.2.1 Elements of Average River Runoff
The rivers in the Apuseni Mountains have a mixed supply, with the predominance
of superficial sources. Thus, the amount of water from rain and snow melting takes
have proportions of 64 and 70% of the total, for the rivers influenced by the karst
(Some¸ sul Cald, Dr˘ agan valley, the upper basin of Cri¸ sul Negru and Arie¸ s river) and
between 70 and 80% for the other watercourses. The area is defined by five types of
water supply, which are differentiated, with specific features, correlated with their
physico-geographic conditions.
(a) The pluvio-nival type with moderate subterranean feeding includes most of the
Apuseni Mountains, overlapping the northeastern, eastern and south-eastern
slopes. Precipitation amounts have values between 36 and 45%, the one from
snow melting 26–35%, while the underground is around 20–35%. This type is
reflected in the regime of the river through large spring waters (April–May) and
frequent floods in other seasons.
(b) The rich underground plovio-nival type, which includes the Aries , basin, where
the underground exceeds 35% due to the extensive carst area it drains.
(c) The moderate pluvial type with moderate pluvial supplying amounts appears
on the western slopes, with rich rainfall throughout the year. Rains participation
is over 35%, snow is below 30%, and groundwater between 24 and 28%. The
thickness of the snow layer and its shorter duration, as well as its discontinuity,
due to the heating times, correlated with winter precipitation, determine a high
frequency of winter floods and the formation of large spring waters starting with
February.
(d) The moderate pluvial type with rich underground feeding is associated with the
upper basin of the Cri¸ sul Negru, where the underground karst contribution to
total exceeds 35%.
(e) The moderate underground supply of nivo-pluvial type has limited extensions
to mountain areas with altitudes above 1700 m from Bihor and Muntele Mare
massifs [31].
The run-off analysis for the watercourses in the Apuseni Mountains was based
on the existing bibliographic data, information from hydrometric stations and water