16 Water Resources from Apuseni Mountains …
519
Generally, talking about water resources, many authors refers to the efficient use
and economic component of this [3, 25, 26, 32, 34, 39, 66, 71].
The water bodies analysis from different natural units or extended areas is another
preoccupation of the researchers [9, 19, 27, 33, 35, 54, 67, 69, 71].
Important are also the feeding sources of some water reservoirs or of the reservoirs
themselves, since their monitoring can assure a balance in the profitable resource use
[12, 17, 18, 20, 45, 52, 63, 70].
The ground or underground water resource is frequently correlated to the precipitations input since there are important similitudes and interdependences in the
quantities’ fluctuation [59, 72, 73].
The study of the water resource available within the western mountainous area has
started consistently along with the detailed research carried out by various authors for
the hydrological analysis of the large basins spread in this region. Complex analyzes
of the entire area have been undertaken by several authors and approached the issue
of liquid discharge [31], hydrographic regionalization [40] and alluviums transported
by watercourses [10, 43]. The maximum discharge was tackled considering its effects
on human communities and the environment in general, by analyzing flash floods [2,
4, 61], for defining the estimation and modelling methodologies for flash floods [16,
28, 29].
Thus, the area of Cri¸ s rivers has been analyzed from the water budget perspective
[11] and through several complex hydrological syntheses [51], or by the influence of
reservoirs on the flow transition [23, 30, 44, 47, 48]. Hydrological approaches have
also studied extreme phenomena such as river drought [1] or rivers’ winter phenomena [50]. Topics related to the existing hydrotechnical facilities were discussed for
Some¸ sul Mic basin, with analysis of the liquid flow evolution [60, 63].
The underground water reserves were also a subject that was analyzed in conjunction with the heterogeneous geology of the mountainous area, with a particular
emphasis on the karstic sectors [42, 53]. The vastly varied and complex metallogenic
potential also led to studies that approached the impact of mining activities on water
resources [5, 7, 15, 22, 24].
16.1.2 Apuseni Mountains in Carpathian and National
Context
The Carpathians, the immense and complex transnational orogenetic structure (crossing through Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania and Serbia—
Figs. 16.1 and 16.2) are stretching along 1500 km, between Vienna and the Timoc
River. They are exceeding in length other mountain range from Europe like the Alps
(1000 km), the Dinaric Alps (800 km), the Stara Planina Mountains (500 km) and
the Pyrenees (450 km). The area occupied by the Carpathian Mountains is about
170.000 km
2 , higher than that occupied by the Alps (about 140.000 km
2 ) [80]. The
major mountain groups are divided as follow: the northern part is represented by
519
Generally, talking about water resources, many authors refers to the efficient use
and economic component of this [3, 25, 26, 32, 34, 39, 66, 71].
The water bodies analysis from different natural units or extended areas is another
preoccupation of the researchers [9, 19, 27, 33, 35, 54, 67, 69, 71].
Important are also the feeding sources of some water reservoirs or of the reservoirs
themselves, since their monitoring can assure a balance in the profitable resource use
[12, 17, 18, 20, 45, 52, 63, 70].
The ground or underground water resource is frequently correlated to the precipitations input since there are important similitudes and interdependences in the
quantities’ fluctuation [59, 72, 73].
The study of the water resource available within the western mountainous area has
started consistently along with the detailed research carried out by various authors for
the hydrological analysis of the large basins spread in this region. Complex analyzes
of the entire area have been undertaken by several authors and approached the issue
of liquid discharge [31], hydrographic regionalization [40] and alluviums transported
by watercourses [10, 43]. The maximum discharge was tackled considering its effects
on human communities and the environment in general, by analyzing flash floods [2,
4, 61], for defining the estimation and modelling methodologies for flash floods [16,
28, 29].
Thus, the area of Cri¸ s rivers has been analyzed from the water budget perspective
[11] and through several complex hydrological syntheses [51], or by the influence of
reservoirs on the flow transition [23, 30, 44, 47, 48]. Hydrological approaches have
also studied extreme phenomena such as river drought [1] or rivers’ winter phenomena [50]. Topics related to the existing hydrotechnical facilities were discussed for
Some¸ sul Mic basin, with analysis of the liquid flow evolution [60, 63].
The underground water reserves were also a subject that was analyzed in conjunction with the heterogeneous geology of the mountainous area, with a particular
emphasis on the karstic sectors [42, 53]. The vastly varied and complex metallogenic
potential also led to studies that approached the impact of mining activities on water
resources [5, 7, 15, 22, 24].
16.1.2 Apuseni Mountains in Carpathian and National
Context
The Carpathians, the immense and complex transnational orogenetic structure (crossing through Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania and Serbia—
Figs. 16.1 and 16.2) are stretching along 1500 km, between Vienna and the Timoc
River. They are exceeding in length other mountain range from Europe like the Alps
(1000 km), the Dinaric Alps (800 km), the Stara Planina Mountains (500 km) and
the Pyrenees (450 km). The area occupied by the Carpathian Mountains is about
170.000 km
2 , higher than that occupied by the Alps (about 140.000 km
2 ) [80]. The
major mountain groups are divided as follow: the northern part is represented by