422
G. ¸
Serban et al.
Also, the intermontane basin feature of the Maramures , ului Depression, which has
been separated from the Transylvanian Basin as a result of the Badenian volcanic
activity, offers specific properties to the waters that drain it, due to the naturally
uncovered salt that appears in certain places. Its effect on the groundwater supplies
is the appearance of several chlorosodic sources, which slightly alter the mineral
content of the direct collectors.
This basin represents an old Paleogene bay, surrounded by the Maramures , ului
Mountains and the crystalline ridges of Rodna, Preluca, Dealu Mare, Dealu Codrului.
It was, in fact, a continuation of the Transylvanian intra-carpathian basin, where thick
layers of Eocene and Oligocene sandstones formed [9].
The forming of the volcanic mountains of Oas , -Gutâi-T , ibles , started in Badenian
as a result of the tectonic fragmentation. The initial bay was first divided into two
longitudinal compartments, an eastern one, the current Maramures , ului Basin, and
a western one including Baia Mare, Copalnic and L˘ apus , . In the Maramures , Basin,
the Mio-Pliocene bay persisted only in the median and lower part of the Iza Basin,
where large quantities of sediments laid down, such as marl, clays, sands and also
salt, later uncovered by erosion (Cos , tiui, Ocna S , ugatag) [9].
Upper Pliocene marks the third evolutionary stage of the area, when the aerial
erosion of the northern Gutâi Mountains glacis began, due to the withdrawal of the
marine waters.
As previously shown, the evolution of this zone was complicated by volcanic
eruptions and tectonic fragmentation, which resulted in various changes in the quality
of surface waters and also in the appearance and the persistence of mineral and even
thermal spring water resources, at the western end of the studied area.
Two areas with carbonated waters in the mofettic aureole are found here: one
in the Oas , -Gutâi-T , ibles , Mountains and one in the central and southern part of
Maramures , ului Mountains. In these areas and also at their border towards the
Maramures , ului Depression, most of the springs are bicarbonated, with a high content
of carbon dioxide, bicarbonated, chlorinated and iodinated [18, 36].
In fact, Artemie Pric˘ ajan confirms the prior mentioned facts in his paper Mineral
and thermal spring waters in Romania. The complex composition of the mineral
waters in the studied area offers large opportunities to use this resource (Fig. 12.16).
10
The bicarbonated waters (Bixad—carbonated, Certeza, S˘ apânt , a, Cr˘ aciunes , ti) are
exploited by their bottling and offering to human consumption, and the chlorinated
and iodinated waters by spa and treatment facilities, some resorts or local centers
already functioning nearby (Ocna S , ugatag, Cos , tiui etc.).
12.3.4 Water Balance in the Upper Tisa Romanian Basin
The water balance represents the quantitative relationship between the incomes and
outcomes, in terms of volumes of water, of a surface, in a given period. The difference
10 (1982) Geographic Atlas of Romania. Ed. Didactic˘ a s , i Pedagogic˘ a, Bucures , ti (in Romanian).
G. ¸
Serban et al.
Also, the intermontane basin feature of the Maramures , ului Depression, which has
been separated from the Transylvanian Basin as a result of the Badenian volcanic
activity, offers specific properties to the waters that drain it, due to the naturally
uncovered salt that appears in certain places. Its effect on the groundwater supplies
is the appearance of several chlorosodic sources, which slightly alter the mineral
content of the direct collectors.
This basin represents an old Paleogene bay, surrounded by the Maramures , ului
Mountains and the crystalline ridges of Rodna, Preluca, Dealu Mare, Dealu Codrului.
It was, in fact, a continuation of the Transylvanian intra-carpathian basin, where thick
layers of Eocene and Oligocene sandstones formed [9].
The forming of the volcanic mountains of Oas , -Gutâi-T , ibles , started in Badenian
as a result of the tectonic fragmentation. The initial bay was first divided into two
longitudinal compartments, an eastern one, the current Maramures , ului Basin, and
a western one including Baia Mare, Copalnic and L˘ apus , . In the Maramures , Basin,
the Mio-Pliocene bay persisted only in the median and lower part of the Iza Basin,
where large quantities of sediments laid down, such as marl, clays, sands and also
salt, later uncovered by erosion (Cos , tiui, Ocna S , ugatag) [9].
Upper Pliocene marks the third evolutionary stage of the area, when the aerial
erosion of the northern Gutâi Mountains glacis began, due to the withdrawal of the
marine waters.
As previously shown, the evolution of this zone was complicated by volcanic
eruptions and tectonic fragmentation, which resulted in various changes in the quality
of surface waters and also in the appearance and the persistence of mineral and even
thermal spring water resources, at the western end of the studied area.
Two areas with carbonated waters in the mofettic aureole are found here: one
in the Oas , -Gutâi-T , ibles , Mountains and one in the central and southern part of
Maramures , ului Mountains. In these areas and also at their border towards the
Maramures , ului Depression, most of the springs are bicarbonated, with a high content
of carbon dioxide, bicarbonated, chlorinated and iodinated [18, 36].
In fact, Artemie Pric˘ ajan confirms the prior mentioned facts in his paper Mineral
and thermal spring waters in Romania. The complex composition of the mineral
waters in the studied area offers large opportunities to use this resource (Fig. 12.16).
10
The bicarbonated waters (Bixad—carbonated, Certeza, S˘ apânt , a, Cr˘ aciunes , ti) are
exploited by their bottling and offering to human consumption, and the chlorinated
and iodinated waters by spa and treatment facilities, some resorts or local centers
already functioning nearby (Ocna S , ugatag, Cos , tiui etc.).
12.3.4 Water Balance in the Upper Tisa Romanian Basin
The water balance represents the quantitative relationship between the incomes and
outcomes, in terms of volumes of water, of a surface, in a given period. The difference
10 (1982) Geographic Atlas of Romania. Ed. Didactic˘ a s , i Pedagogic˘ a, Bucures , ti (in Romanian).