12 Water Resources from Romanian Upper Tisa Basin
421
The groundwater flows from east to west with gradients of about 0002–0.0003,
descending in value from east to west.
Hydrochemically, the waters are bicarbonated-calcic type and have a total mineral
content of 200–500 mg/l. Some spots have relatively high values of Fe and Mn (iron
and manganese) (S.T.W.B.A. 2010).
The deposits that cover it, containing the phreatic groundwater body developed
at the top of the alluvial cone of river Somes , and especially the dividing clay layer,
3–5 m thick, between the two water bodies, offer this groundwater body some good
protection from the surface pollution.
The ROSO13 water body is of transboundary type.
The ROSO17 groundwater body—Upper Tur Plain
The phreatic groundwater body, of porous-permeable type, is stationed in the alluvial, meadow and terrace Quaternary deposits of the Upper Tur and its tributaries
(Negres , ti-Oas , Depression). Downstream C˘ alines , ti, this groundwater body gets in
direct contact with ROSO01—The Cone of Somes , (S.T.W.B.A. 2010) (Figs. 12.9
and 12.15).
In the meadow and terrace areas, the deposits are made up of sands, siltic sands,
sands with gravel, sands with gravel and boulders and lens-shaped clay layers. Some
spots have loamy sands with gravel and boulders. The margins of the depression
have nested alluvial cones (Fig. 12.15).
In the meadows and terraces the thickness of the alluvial deposits is, generally, of
3–10 m, but can also reach 28 m, in the area of Coca. The bed of the aquifer is made
of marl and pannonian clay, and at its top clay, sandy clay and siltic clays develop
under the soil, without a continuous extension in the surface. The thickness of these
pelitic deposits varies from 0.5 to 4 m (S.T.W.B.A. 2010).
The hydrostatic level is mostly free or can be slightly ascending when loamy
formations develop on top of the aquifer. The depth of the hydrostatic level varies
largely, from 0.07 to 2.15 m, but its average value is 0.2–1.25 m. The specific flow
rate has extremely low values, of 0025–0135 l/s/m (S.T.W.B.A. 2010).
The aquifer gets its water mainly form rainfall, the effective infiltration reaching
up to 31.5–63 mm/year. The direction of the groundwater flow is almost always from
the aquifer towards the river, but when high flows or floods occur, it can be reversed
[41].
The groundwater bodies in the geological layers up to 300 m deep offer extremely
reduced water supplies for settlements in the Maramures , ului Depression, therefore
we can reconfirm the conclusion that this morphohydrographic unit is relatively
lacking in groundwater supplies.
Mineral water resources in the Upper Tisa Romanian Basin
The studied area is located under the influence of the volcanic structures of the Oas , -
Gutâi-T , ibles , volcanic Mountains and the similar structures from the southern half
of the Maramures , ului Mountains (Figs. 12.1, 12.2 and 12.4). This situation reflects
in the quality of the water and a large number of mineral springs.
421
The groundwater flows from east to west with gradients of about 0002–0.0003,
descending in value from east to west.
Hydrochemically, the waters are bicarbonated-calcic type and have a total mineral
content of 200–500 mg/l. Some spots have relatively high values of Fe and Mn (iron
and manganese) (S.T.W.B.A. 2010).
The deposits that cover it, containing the phreatic groundwater body developed
at the top of the alluvial cone of river Somes , and especially the dividing clay layer,
3–5 m thick, between the two water bodies, offer this groundwater body some good
protection from the surface pollution.
The ROSO13 water body is of transboundary type.
The ROSO17 groundwater body—Upper Tur Plain
The phreatic groundwater body, of porous-permeable type, is stationed in the alluvial, meadow and terrace Quaternary deposits of the Upper Tur and its tributaries
(Negres , ti-Oas , Depression). Downstream C˘ alines , ti, this groundwater body gets in
direct contact with ROSO01—The Cone of Somes , (S.T.W.B.A. 2010) (Figs. 12.9
and 12.15).
In the meadow and terrace areas, the deposits are made up of sands, siltic sands,
sands with gravel, sands with gravel and boulders and lens-shaped clay layers. Some
spots have loamy sands with gravel and boulders. The margins of the depression
have nested alluvial cones (Fig. 12.15).
In the meadows and terraces the thickness of the alluvial deposits is, generally, of
3–10 m, but can also reach 28 m, in the area of Coca. The bed of the aquifer is made
of marl and pannonian clay, and at its top clay, sandy clay and siltic clays develop
under the soil, without a continuous extension in the surface. The thickness of these
pelitic deposits varies from 0.5 to 4 m (S.T.W.B.A. 2010).
The hydrostatic level is mostly free or can be slightly ascending when loamy
formations develop on top of the aquifer. The depth of the hydrostatic level varies
largely, from 0.07 to 2.15 m, but its average value is 0.2–1.25 m. The specific flow
rate has extremely low values, of 0025–0135 l/s/m (S.T.W.B.A. 2010).
The aquifer gets its water mainly form rainfall, the effective infiltration reaching
up to 31.5–63 mm/year. The direction of the groundwater flow is almost always from
the aquifer towards the river, but when high flows or floods occur, it can be reversed
[41].
The groundwater bodies in the geological layers up to 300 m deep offer extremely
reduced water supplies for settlements in the Maramures , ului Depression, therefore
we can reconfirm the conclusion that this morphohydrographic unit is relatively
lacking in groundwater supplies.
Mineral water resources in the Upper Tisa Romanian Basin
The studied area is located under the influence of the volcanic structures of the Oas , -
Gutâi-T , ibles , volcanic Mountains and the similar structures from the southern half
of the Maramures , ului Mountains (Figs. 12.1, 12.2 and 12.4). This situation reflects
in the quality of the water and a large number of mineral springs.