305
According to the results of Nguyen et al. (2016), 87% publications contained
indicators of exposure, 85% of sensitivity, and 74% of adaptation capacity. Most of
the indicators in the reviewed literature were of regional level—especially for exposure and sensitivity—but only a few had a local (except for exposure indicators),
national (except adaptive capacity), or global scope. The global scale studies of
coastal vulnerability to climate change (Abuodha and Woodroffe 2006; Eakin and
Luers 2006; Nicholls et al. 2008) were focused on measuring geophysical processes
(coastal geomorphology) or direct physical impacts (increase in mean sea level,
floods, etc., Table 17.2). Nguyen et al. (2016) highlight the evident lack of coastal
vulnerability to climate change studies that included socioeconomic parameters in
their models, seven indicators were based on physical variables and only three used
socioeconomic variables (Table 17.2 and Table 17.3); for example, one as important
as income level was only mentioned in a single reference and only partially because
the indicator was assessed by the income level (Dang et al. 2011).
Table 17.2 Physical variables used for exposure studies in coastal areas (modified from Nguyen
et al. 2016)
Variables
Authors
Land relief (m)
Gornitz (1991)
Sea level rise (mm/
years)
Gornitz (1991), Özyurt and Ergin (2010)
Tidal range (average)
(m)
Gornitz (1991), Özyurt and Ergin (2010)
Height wave
(máximo) (m)
Gornitz (1991)
Flood depth (m)
Kafle et al. (2007), Bormudoi et al. (2008), Le et al. (2009), Dang et al.
(2011), Özyurt and Ergin (2010), Mackey and Russell (2011), Dinh et al.
(2012), Balica et al. (2013), Tingsanchali and Karim (2005)
Salinity (ppt)
Grattan et al. (2002), Mackey and Russell (2011), Hoang et al. (2012),
Le (2003)
Shoreline changes
(m/years)
Gornitz and Kanciruk (1989), Gornitz (1991), Gornitz et al. (1994),
Pham and Nguyen (2005), Dwarakish et al. (2009), Pendleton et al.
(2010), Abuodha and Woodroffe (2010b), Nguyen (2012)
Table 17.3 Social variables used for sensitivity studies in coastal areas (modified from Nguyen
et al. 2016)
Variables
Authors
Population density
(people/km
2 )
Kafle et al. (2007), Dang et al. (2011), Mackey and Russell (2011)
Land use
Preston et al. (2008), Özyurt and Ergin (2010), McLaughlin and
Cooper (2010), Liu (1996), Huang et al. (2012), Yin et al. (2012)
Local income level (mil/
per capita/years)
Dang et al. (2011)
17 Vulnerability to the Effects of Climate Change: Future Aridness and Present…
According to the results of Nguyen et al. (2016), 87% publications contained
indicators of exposure, 85% of sensitivity, and 74% of adaptation capacity. Most of
the indicators in the reviewed literature were of regional level—especially for exposure and sensitivity—but only a few had a local (except for exposure indicators),
national (except adaptive capacity), or global scope. The global scale studies of
coastal vulnerability to climate change (Abuodha and Woodroffe 2006; Eakin and
Luers 2006; Nicholls et al. 2008) were focused on measuring geophysical processes
(coastal geomorphology) or direct physical impacts (increase in mean sea level,
floods, etc., Table 17.2). Nguyen et al. (2016) highlight the evident lack of coastal
vulnerability to climate change studies that included socioeconomic parameters in
their models, seven indicators were based on physical variables and only three used
socioeconomic variables (Table 17.2 and Table 17.3); for example, one as important
as income level was only mentioned in a single reference and only partially because
the indicator was assessed by the income level (Dang et al. 2011).
Table 17.2 Physical variables used for exposure studies in coastal areas (modified from Nguyen
et al. 2016)
Variables
Authors
Land relief (m)
Gornitz (1991)
Sea level rise (mm/
years)
Gornitz (1991), Özyurt and Ergin (2010)
Tidal range (average)
(m)
Gornitz (1991), Özyurt and Ergin (2010)
Height wave
(máximo) (m)
Gornitz (1991)
Flood depth (m)
Kafle et al. (2007), Bormudoi et al. (2008), Le et al. (2009), Dang et al.
(2011), Özyurt and Ergin (2010), Mackey and Russell (2011), Dinh et al.
(2012), Balica et al. (2013), Tingsanchali and Karim (2005)
Salinity (ppt)
Grattan et al. (2002), Mackey and Russell (2011), Hoang et al. (2012),
Le (2003)
Shoreline changes
(m/years)
Gornitz and Kanciruk (1989), Gornitz (1991), Gornitz et al. (1994),
Pham and Nguyen (2005), Dwarakish et al. (2009), Pendleton et al.
(2010), Abuodha and Woodroffe (2010b), Nguyen (2012)
Table 17.3 Social variables used for sensitivity studies in coastal areas (modified from Nguyen
et al. 2016)
Variables
Authors
Population density
(people/km
2 )
Kafle et al. (2007), Dang et al. (2011), Mackey and Russell (2011)
Land use
Preston et al. (2008), Özyurt and Ergin (2010), McLaughlin and
Cooper (2010), Liu (1996), Huang et al. (2012), Yin et al. (2012)
Local income level (mil/
per capita/years)
Dang et al. (2011)
17 Vulnerability to the Effects of Climate Change: Future Aridness and Present…