Based on the efforts made in previous studies, we have gained increased knowledge of the emission characteristics for SO 2 and NO x of large-point sources,
including power plants and cement plants, and other key sources including
on-road vehicles. Large uncertainties still exist in estimates of NH 3 emissions,
especially on their temporal and geographical distribution. Future work should
focus on surveys of activity rates for areal sources and in-field measurements of
local emission factors in China. Top-down validations based on ground and satellite
observations continue to play important roles in improving the temporal and spatial
characterizations contained within emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and NH 3 in China.
References
Behera S, Sharma M (2012) Transformation of atmospheric ammonia and acid gases into components of PM 2.5 : an environmental chamber study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:1187–1197
Berezin E, Konovalov I, Ciais P et al (2013) Multiannual changes of CO 2 emissions in China:
indirect estimates derived from satellite measurements of tropospheric NO 2 columns. Atmos
Chem Phys 13:9415–9438
Bouwman A, VanderHoek W (1997) Scenarios of animal waste production and fertilizer use and
associated ammonia emission for the developing countries. Atmos Environ 31:4095–4102
Bouwman A, Lee D, Asman W et al (1997) A global high-resolution emission inventory for
ammonia. Glob Biogeochem Cy 11:561–587
CAAA (2009) The reform and development of China’s animal husbandry in the past 30 years.
Guide to Chinese Poultry 26 (in Chinese)
Cai G, Zhu Z, Trevitt A et al (1986) Nitrogen loss from ammonium bicarbonate and urea fertilizers
applied to flooded rice. Fertil Res 10:203–215
Charlson R, Schwartz S, Hales J et al (1992) Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science
255:423–430
China Daily (2018) Air quality targets set by the action plan have been fully realized. http://www.
gov.cn/xinwen/2018-02/01/content_5262720.htm
China State Council (2013) Action plan on prevention and control of air pollution. China State
Council, Beijing. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2013-09/12/content_2486773.htm
de Foy B, Lu Z, Streets D (2016) Satellite NO 2 retrievals suggest China has exceeded its NO x
reduction goals from the twelfth five-year plan. Sci Rep 6:35912
Dong W, Xing J, Wang S (2010) Temporal and spatial distribution of anthropogenic ammonia
emissions in China: 1994–2006. Environ Sci 31:1457–1463
DRC (2018) Three-year action plan fighting for a blue sky. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/
2018-07/03/content_5303158.htm?gs_ws¼weixin_636662351573937202&from¼timeline&
isappinstalled¼0
EEA: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2013 (2013) European Environment
Agency
EOCAIY: China Animal Industry Yearbook 2006 (2006) China Agriculture Press, Beijing
(in Chinese)
EOCAY: China Agriculture Yearbook 1991 (1991) China Agriculture Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Fang M, Chan C, Yao X (2009) Managing air quality in a rapidly developing nation: China. Atmos
Environ 43:79–86
Ferm M (1998) Atmospheric ammonia and ammonium transport in Europe and critical loads: a
review. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 51:5–17
Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P et al (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in
radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al (eds) Climate change 2007: the
36
Q. Zhang et al.
including power plants and cement plants, and other key sources including
on-road vehicles. Large uncertainties still exist in estimates of NH 3 emissions,
especially on their temporal and geographical distribution. Future work should
focus on surveys of activity rates for areal sources and in-field measurements of
local emission factors in China. Top-down validations based on ground and satellite
observations continue to play important roles in improving the temporal and spatial
characterizations contained within emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and NH 3 in China.
References
Behera S, Sharma M (2012) Transformation of atmospheric ammonia and acid gases into components of PM 2.5 : an environmental chamber study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:1187–1197
Berezin E, Konovalov I, Ciais P et al (2013) Multiannual changes of CO 2 emissions in China:
indirect estimates derived from satellite measurements of tropospheric NO 2 columns. Atmos
Chem Phys 13:9415–9438
Bouwman A, VanderHoek W (1997) Scenarios of animal waste production and fertilizer use and
associated ammonia emission for the developing countries. Atmos Environ 31:4095–4102
Bouwman A, Lee D, Asman W et al (1997) A global high-resolution emission inventory for
ammonia. Glob Biogeochem Cy 11:561–587
CAAA (2009) The reform and development of China’s animal husbandry in the past 30 years.
Guide to Chinese Poultry 26 (in Chinese)
Cai G, Zhu Z, Trevitt A et al (1986) Nitrogen loss from ammonium bicarbonate and urea fertilizers
applied to flooded rice. Fertil Res 10:203–215
Charlson R, Schwartz S, Hales J et al (1992) Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science
255:423–430
China Daily (2018) Air quality targets set by the action plan have been fully realized. http://www.
gov.cn/xinwen/2018-02/01/content_5262720.htm
China State Council (2013) Action plan on prevention and control of air pollution. China State
Council, Beijing. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2013-09/12/content_2486773.htm
de Foy B, Lu Z, Streets D (2016) Satellite NO 2 retrievals suggest China has exceeded its NO x
reduction goals from the twelfth five-year plan. Sci Rep 6:35912
Dong W, Xing J, Wang S (2010) Temporal and spatial distribution of anthropogenic ammonia
emissions in China: 1994–2006. Environ Sci 31:1457–1463
DRC (2018) Three-year action plan fighting for a blue sky. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/
2018-07/03/content_5303158.htm?gs_ws¼weixin_636662351573937202&from¼timeline&
isappinstalled¼0
EEA: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2013 (2013) European Environment
Agency
EOCAIY: China Animal Industry Yearbook 2006 (2006) China Agriculture Press, Beijing
(in Chinese)
EOCAY: China Agriculture Yearbook 1991 (1991) China Agriculture Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Fang M, Chan C, Yao X (2009) Managing air quality in a rapidly developing nation: China. Atmos
Environ 43:79–86
Ferm M (1998) Atmospheric ammonia and ammonium transport in Europe and critical loads: a
review. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 51:5–17
Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P et al (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in
radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al (eds) Climate change 2007: the
36
Q. Zhang et al.