size if two or more studies targeted the same combination of vehicle type and control
stage. For rural vehicles, Yao et al. (2011) applied SEMTECH-D and measured the
emission factors through on-vehicle tests. As shown in Fig. 14.1d, e, the nationwide
emission factors of NO X declined by 84% and 51% for light-duty gasoline vehicles
(LDGV) and heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV), respectively, resulting from the
implementation of staged regulations from 2000 to 2014. The control effects for
HDDV are less than LDGV, attributed probably to slower penetration of new HDDV
than that of LDGV and to smaller progress in emission control of diesel vehicles
under recently implemented standards.
14.2.1.5 Other Sources
Nonferrous metal industry includes production of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn),
electrolytic aluminum (Al), and alumina. For SO 2 , a national survey was conducted
(MEP 2010) and determined the current level, the emission limit for existing sources,
and the limit for newly built sources. Those values were applied to calculate the
emission factors. For Cu smelting, as an example, the current average level of flue
gas SO 2 concentration, the limit for existing sources, and the limit for the new
sources was estimated at 2116, 960, and 400 mg/m
3 . The emission factors for all
plants in PRI, existing plants in STD, and newly built plants in STD were accordingly calculated at 49, 22, and 9 kg/t-Cu, respectively, by Xia et al. (2016), based on
an average flue gas amount of 23,000 Nm
3 /t-Cu (CRAES 2007; MEP 2010). For
other industrial processes and the residential and commercial source category, little
progress is expected for emission control of SO 2 and NO X from 2000 to 2014.
14.2.2 Inter-annual Trends of National SO 2 and NO X
Emissions
Figure 14.2 summarizes the national emissions of SO 2 and NO X from 2000 to 2014
by various studies. It can be found that discrepancies existed between studies,
particularly for SO 2 . Except the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric
Research (EDGAR, JRC/PBL 2014) inventory, most studies indicated that the
national SO 2 emissions kept growing in the early 2000s with the peak reached in
2006 and then started to decline (Fig. 14.2a). The emissions were estimated to be
ranged 18–28, 29–35, and 22–29 Tg for 2000, 2006, and 2014, respectively. Taking
Xia et al. (2016) as an example, SO 2 emissions are calculated to increase from 18.2
to 30 million metric tons (Mt) during 2000–2006 and then to decrease to 26.4 Mt in
2010. In the PRI case, very small inter-annual variation was found for SO 2 emissions
after 2011. The share of thermal power in total emissions declined from 62.7% to
38.4% during 2005–2014, indicating the key role of this sector in emission reduction
since 2005.
14 National Regulation of SO 2 and NO x Emissions in China
319
stage. For rural vehicles, Yao et al. (2011) applied SEMTECH-D and measured the
emission factors through on-vehicle tests. As shown in Fig. 14.1d, e, the nationwide
emission factors of NO X declined by 84% and 51% for light-duty gasoline vehicles
(LDGV) and heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV), respectively, resulting from the
implementation of staged regulations from 2000 to 2014. The control effects for
HDDV are less than LDGV, attributed probably to slower penetration of new HDDV
than that of LDGV and to smaller progress in emission control of diesel vehicles
under recently implemented standards.
14.2.1.5 Other Sources
Nonferrous metal industry includes production of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn),
electrolytic aluminum (Al), and alumina. For SO 2 , a national survey was conducted
(MEP 2010) and determined the current level, the emission limit for existing sources,
and the limit for newly built sources. Those values were applied to calculate the
emission factors. For Cu smelting, as an example, the current average level of flue
gas SO 2 concentration, the limit for existing sources, and the limit for the new
sources was estimated at 2116, 960, and 400 mg/m
3 . The emission factors for all
plants in PRI, existing plants in STD, and newly built plants in STD were accordingly calculated at 49, 22, and 9 kg/t-Cu, respectively, by Xia et al. (2016), based on
an average flue gas amount of 23,000 Nm
3 /t-Cu (CRAES 2007; MEP 2010). For
other industrial processes and the residential and commercial source category, little
progress is expected for emission control of SO 2 and NO X from 2000 to 2014.
14.2.2 Inter-annual Trends of National SO 2 and NO X
Emissions
Figure 14.2 summarizes the national emissions of SO 2 and NO X from 2000 to 2014
by various studies. It can be found that discrepancies existed between studies,
particularly for SO 2 . Except the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric
Research (EDGAR, JRC/PBL 2014) inventory, most studies indicated that the
national SO 2 emissions kept growing in the early 2000s with the peak reached in
2006 and then started to decline (Fig. 14.2a). The emissions were estimated to be
ranged 18–28, 29–35, and 22–29 Tg for 2000, 2006, and 2014, respectively. Taking
Xia et al. (2016) as an example, SO 2 emissions are calculated to increase from 18.2
to 30 million metric tons (Mt) during 2000–2006 and then to decrease to 26.4 Mt in
2010. In the PRI case, very small inter-annual variation was found for SO 2 emissions
after 2011. The share of thermal power in total emissions declined from 62.7% to
38.4% during 2005–2014, indicating the key role of this sector in emission reduction
since 2005.
14 National Regulation of SO 2 and NO x Emissions in China
319