indigenous ovens with poor manual technology) has grown from 72% to 86% during
2005–2014 (CISA 2015). The emission factors are calculated at 0.7 (machinery
coking ovens)–4.3 kg/t-coke (indigenous ovens) for SO 2 and 1.7 kg/t-coke for NO X ,
based on available domestic tests (He 2006; Huo et al. 2012a). In STD by Xia et al.
(2016), emission factors are estimated based on the emission standard issued in 2012
for the coking industry (GB 16171-2012). The flue gas concentration of SO 2 is
limited at 50 mg/m
3 for machinery ovens, equal to 0.24 kg/t-coke based on an
average of flue gas volume at 5.0 Nm
3 /kg-coke (He 2006). The big reduction of
emission factors would require the coke gas desulfurization to achieve sufficient
removal rate of SO 2 .
Sintering is the main source of SO 2 in iron and steel production. The unabated
SO 2 and NO X emission factors for the process were calculated at 2.9 and 1.3 kg/tproduct, respectively, based on domestic test (AISGC 2007; MEP 2010). Although
little progress in emission control was achieved for sintering from 2000 to 2010, the
emission factors for the whole sector expressed as emissions per unit of steel
production are estimated to decline (Fig. 14.1c), as the manufacturing technology
is improved for steel making, with decreased ratio of iron to steel production. After
2011, SO 2 emission factor for the sector is further reduced along with elevated
penetration of FGD systems. Emission factors for the STD case by Xia et al. (2016)
are estimated according to emission standards of air pollutants for sintering and
pelletizing issued in 2012 (GB 28662-2012), i.e., 0.7 and 1.0 kg/t-product for SO 2
and NO X , respectively.
Regarding iron production in a blast furnace, the averages of SO 2 and NO X
emission factors were calculated at 0.50 and 0.20 kg/t-iron based on a national
survey (MEP 2010), respectively. In addition, SSC (2007) conducted an investigation on the plants with the highest energy efficiency and the most advanced APCDs
and estimated the emission factors at 0.04 and 0.10 kg/t-iron for furnace SO 2 and
NO X , respectively. Those values were adopted in the emission standard for the iron
smelting industry (GB 28663-2012) and applied in STD case, as summarized in
Table 14.2.
14.2.1.4 Transportation
Staged emission standards (National I–V, equivalent to Euro I–V) for new vehicles
have been conducted nationwide since 1999, with earlier implementation in Beijing
than in other provinces. The fleet composition by control stage is estimated
according to the reported annual new-vehicle registrations (NBS 2015) and the
calculated numbers of retired vehicles. The average lifetimes of light-duty vehicles,
light-duty trucks, and heavy-duty trucks are determined at 15, 8, and 10 years,
respectively (He et al. 2005; Huo et al. 2012b).
Zhao et al. (2013) thoroughly investigated the measurements of emission factors
of NO X for vehicles in China by type and control stage, including on-road tests,
engine tests, carbon balance calculations, and remote sensing. The emission factors
were then calculated as the average of the original data weighted by the sampling
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Y. Zhao and Y. Xia
2005–2014 (CISA 2015). The emission factors are calculated at 0.7 (machinery
coking ovens)–4.3 kg/t-coke (indigenous ovens) for SO 2 and 1.7 kg/t-coke for NO X ,
based on available domestic tests (He 2006; Huo et al. 2012a). In STD by Xia et al.
(2016), emission factors are estimated based on the emission standard issued in 2012
for the coking industry (GB 16171-2012). The flue gas concentration of SO 2 is
limited at 50 mg/m
3 for machinery ovens, equal to 0.24 kg/t-coke based on an
average of flue gas volume at 5.0 Nm
3 /kg-coke (He 2006). The big reduction of
emission factors would require the coke gas desulfurization to achieve sufficient
removal rate of SO 2 .
Sintering is the main source of SO 2 in iron and steel production. The unabated
SO 2 and NO X emission factors for the process were calculated at 2.9 and 1.3 kg/tproduct, respectively, based on domestic test (AISGC 2007; MEP 2010). Although
little progress in emission control was achieved for sintering from 2000 to 2010, the
emission factors for the whole sector expressed as emissions per unit of steel
production are estimated to decline (Fig. 14.1c), as the manufacturing technology
is improved for steel making, with decreased ratio of iron to steel production. After
2011, SO 2 emission factor for the sector is further reduced along with elevated
penetration of FGD systems. Emission factors for the STD case by Xia et al. (2016)
are estimated according to emission standards of air pollutants for sintering and
pelletizing issued in 2012 (GB 28662-2012), i.e., 0.7 and 1.0 kg/t-product for SO 2
and NO X , respectively.
Regarding iron production in a blast furnace, the averages of SO 2 and NO X
emission factors were calculated at 0.50 and 0.20 kg/t-iron based on a national
survey (MEP 2010), respectively. In addition, SSC (2007) conducted an investigation on the plants with the highest energy efficiency and the most advanced APCDs
and estimated the emission factors at 0.04 and 0.10 kg/t-iron for furnace SO 2 and
NO X , respectively. Those values were adopted in the emission standard for the iron
smelting industry (GB 28663-2012) and applied in STD case, as summarized in
Table 14.2.
14.2.1.4 Transportation
Staged emission standards (National I–V, equivalent to Euro I–V) for new vehicles
have been conducted nationwide since 1999, with earlier implementation in Beijing
than in other provinces. The fleet composition by control stage is estimated
according to the reported annual new-vehicle registrations (NBS 2015) and the
calculated numbers of retired vehicles. The average lifetimes of light-duty vehicles,
light-duty trucks, and heavy-duty trucks are determined at 15, 8, and 10 years,
respectively (He et al. 2005; Huo et al. 2012b).
Zhao et al. (2013) thoroughly investigated the measurements of emission factors
of NO X for vehicles in China by type and control stage, including on-road tests,
engine tests, carbon balance calculations, and remote sensing. The emission factors
were then calculated as the average of the original data weighted by the sampling
318
Y. Zhao and Y. Xia