regional inventories by sectors, Li et al. (2017c) developed the MIX inventory for the
MICS-Asia (Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia) project. Increasing numbers
of emission inventories have been compiled by parameterizing up-to-date technology distributions, datasets containing local measurements, and improved methodologies for specific source categories (e.g., Zhao et al. 2008; Lei et al. 2011b; Zheng
et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015; Meng et al. 2017) or specified regions (e.g., Zhao et al.
2012; Fu et al. 2013). Reasonable parameterization of clean air policies conducted
over China is key for accurate emission estimates (e.g., Zhao et al. 2013c; Zheng
et al. 2018).
The years since 2010 have been an extraordinary period for China in the fight
against air pollution. For the first time, China has added the index of PM 2.5 into its air
quality standards. To attain this air quality standard, China has strengthened its
emission standards to achieve reductions in air pollutant emissions (Zhang et al.
2012a). These upgraded emission standards and the timeline for their implementation have accelerated since 2013 when the Action Plan on the Prevention and
Control of Air Pollution (denoted as the Clean Air Action) was implemented
(China State Council 2013). The effects of the Clean Air Action on emissions
trend are illustrated in Sect. 3.2.
In this chapter we illustrate the method for compiling emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and
NH 3 in most state-of-science inventories for China and interpret the underlying
driving forces of emission changes during the last two decades (mainly refer to
Kang et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017b; Zheng et al. 2018).
2.2 Methods and Data
To date, estimating emissions for China remains a challenge, given the variety of
contributing sources, the complexity of the technology mix, and the lack of reliable
measurements. A dynamic, technology-based methodology to estimate the primary
emissions in China was proposed and widely applied (Klimont et al. 2001, 2009;
Streets et al. 2003). The general approach used by us to estimate emissions is mainly
based on emission factors, which has been described extensively (Streets et al. 2003,
Zhang et al. 2009; Li et al. 2017b, c).
The emissions of a particular species are estimated as a product of the activity
rate, the unabated emission factor, and the removal efficiency of any applied
emission abatement technologies. Emissions for each source in each province are
estimated as follows:
Emis i, j, k ¼ A i, j Â
X
m
X i, j, m  EF i, j, k, m Â
X
n
C i, j, m, n  1 À η k, n
À
Á
À
Á
!
ð2:1Þ
where i represents the province, j represents the emission source, k represents the air
pollutants, m represents the technologies for manufacturing, n represents the
16
Q. Zhang et al.
MICS-Asia (Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia) project. Increasing numbers
of emission inventories have been compiled by parameterizing up-to-date technology distributions, datasets containing local measurements, and improved methodologies for specific source categories (e.g., Zhao et al. 2008; Lei et al. 2011b; Zheng
et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015; Meng et al. 2017) or specified regions (e.g., Zhao et al.
2012; Fu et al. 2013). Reasonable parameterization of clean air policies conducted
over China is key for accurate emission estimates (e.g., Zhao et al. 2013c; Zheng
et al. 2018).
The years since 2010 have been an extraordinary period for China in the fight
against air pollution. For the first time, China has added the index of PM 2.5 into its air
quality standards. To attain this air quality standard, China has strengthened its
emission standards to achieve reductions in air pollutant emissions (Zhang et al.
2012a). These upgraded emission standards and the timeline for their implementation have accelerated since 2013 when the Action Plan on the Prevention and
Control of Air Pollution (denoted as the Clean Air Action) was implemented
(China State Council 2013). The effects of the Clean Air Action on emissions
trend are illustrated in Sect. 3.2.
In this chapter we illustrate the method for compiling emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and
NH 3 in most state-of-science inventories for China and interpret the underlying
driving forces of emission changes during the last two decades (mainly refer to
Kang et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017b; Zheng et al. 2018).
2.2 Methods and Data
To date, estimating emissions for China remains a challenge, given the variety of
contributing sources, the complexity of the technology mix, and the lack of reliable
measurements. A dynamic, technology-based methodology to estimate the primary
emissions in China was proposed and widely applied (Klimont et al. 2001, 2009;
Streets et al. 2003). The general approach used by us to estimate emissions is mainly
based on emission factors, which has been described extensively (Streets et al. 2003,
Zhang et al. 2009; Li et al. 2017b, c).
The emissions of a particular species are estimated as a product of the activity
rate, the unabated emission factor, and the removal efficiency of any applied
emission abatement technologies. Emissions for each source in each province are
estimated as follows:
Emis i, j, k ¼ A i, j Â
X
m
X i, j, m  EF i, j, k, m Â
X
n
C i, j, m, n  1 À η k, n
À
Á
À
Á
!
ð2:1Þ
where i represents the province, j represents the emission source, k represents the air
pollutants, m represents the technologies for manufacturing, n represents the
16
Q. Zhang et al.