technologies for air pollution control, A is the activity rate, X is the fraction of a
specific manufacturing technology, EF is the unabated emission factor, C is the
penetration of a specific pollution control technology, and η is the removal efficiency. The details of the technology-based approach and source classifications can
be found in Zhang et al. (2007, 2009) and Li et al. (2017c).
The underlying data are gathered from different sources. Activity rates of energy
consumptions by fuel type, by sector, and by province can be derived from Chinese
Energy Statistics (National Bureau of Statistics 1992–2017, 2018; National Energy
Administration 2018). Productions of various industrial products and penetration of
different technologies are collected from a wide variety of statistics (for details,
please refer to Lu et al. 2010; Lei et al. 2011a). Data from the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) are used to supplement the technology penetration data
which are absent in statistics (Qi et al. 2017; Zheng et al. 2017). These data are
collected from each plant by local agencies and then managed and verified by MEP.
The information includes pollution control technologies, penetrations, and efficiencies for electric generators, cement factories, iron- and steel-making furnaces, and
glass kilns in each province, which are used to calibrate emission control levels (i.e.,
C and η in Eq. (2.1)) in the bottom-up inventory. Unabated emission factors are
compiled from a wide range of previous studies (for instance, SO 2 from Lu et al.
(2010), NO x from Zhang et al. (2007)). Local emission factors are summarized in Li
et al. (2017b) and should be used wherever available, to represent the most recent
progress on emission factor development in China.
We recommend a uniform emission model framework, the Multi-resolution
Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), which was developed and maintained by
Tsinghua University, to estimate anthropogenic emissions of SO 2 and NO x over
China. MEIC is based on a series of improved emission inventory models including
unit-based emission inventories for power plants (Liu et al. 2015) and cement plants
(Lei et al. 2011b); a high-resolution county-level vehicle emission inventory (Zheng
et al., 2014); and a residential combustion emission inventory based on nationwide
survey data (Peng et al., in prep.). MEIC provides the community a publicly
accessible emission dataset over China with regular updates (http://www.
meicmodel.org).
In MEIC emissions from power plants are estimated following the unit-based
approach developed by Liu et al. (2015). Power plant emissions in MEIC were
derived from the China coal-fired Power plant Emissions Database (CPED), in
which emissions were estimated for each generation unit based on the unit-specific
parameters including fuel consumption rates, fuel quality, combustion technology,
and emission control technology. With detailed information of over 7600 generation
units in China, CPED improved the spatial and temporal resolution of the power
plant emission inventory compared to previous studies (Liu et al. 2015). For the
on-road transportation sector, MEIC used the new approach developed by Zheng
et al. (2014), which resolves the spatial-temporal variability of vehicle ownership,
fleet turnover (i.e., new technology penetration), and emission factors. Vehicular
emissions were estimated with high spatial resolution by using vehicle population
and emission factors at the county level. Emissions by counties were further
2 Anthropogenic Emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and NH 3 in China
17
specific manufacturing technology, EF is the unabated emission factor, C is the
penetration of a specific pollution control technology, and η is the removal efficiency. The details of the technology-based approach and source classifications can
be found in Zhang et al. (2007, 2009) and Li et al. (2017c).
The underlying data are gathered from different sources. Activity rates of energy
consumptions by fuel type, by sector, and by province can be derived from Chinese
Energy Statistics (National Bureau of Statistics 1992–2017, 2018; National Energy
Administration 2018). Productions of various industrial products and penetration of
different technologies are collected from a wide variety of statistics (for details,
please refer to Lu et al. 2010; Lei et al. 2011a). Data from the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) are used to supplement the technology penetration data
which are absent in statistics (Qi et al. 2017; Zheng et al. 2017). These data are
collected from each plant by local agencies and then managed and verified by MEP.
The information includes pollution control technologies, penetrations, and efficiencies for electric generators, cement factories, iron- and steel-making furnaces, and
glass kilns in each province, which are used to calibrate emission control levels (i.e.,
C and η in Eq. (2.1)) in the bottom-up inventory. Unabated emission factors are
compiled from a wide range of previous studies (for instance, SO 2 from Lu et al.
(2010), NO x from Zhang et al. (2007)). Local emission factors are summarized in Li
et al. (2017b) and should be used wherever available, to represent the most recent
progress on emission factor development in China.
We recommend a uniform emission model framework, the Multi-resolution
Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), which was developed and maintained by
Tsinghua University, to estimate anthropogenic emissions of SO 2 and NO x over
China. MEIC is based on a series of improved emission inventory models including
unit-based emission inventories for power plants (Liu et al. 2015) and cement plants
(Lei et al. 2011b); a high-resolution county-level vehicle emission inventory (Zheng
et al., 2014); and a residential combustion emission inventory based on nationwide
survey data (Peng et al., in prep.). MEIC provides the community a publicly
accessible emission dataset over China with regular updates (http://www.
meicmodel.org).
In MEIC emissions from power plants are estimated following the unit-based
approach developed by Liu et al. (2015). Power plant emissions in MEIC were
derived from the China coal-fired Power plant Emissions Database (CPED), in
which emissions were estimated for each generation unit based on the unit-specific
parameters including fuel consumption rates, fuel quality, combustion technology,
and emission control technology. With detailed information of over 7600 generation
units in China, CPED improved the spatial and temporal resolution of the power
plant emission inventory compared to previous studies (Liu et al. 2015). For the
on-road transportation sector, MEIC used the new approach developed by Zheng
et al. (2014), which resolves the spatial-temporal variability of vehicle ownership,
fleet turnover (i.e., new technology penetration), and emission factors. Vehicular
emissions were estimated with high spatial resolution by using vehicle population
and emission factors at the county level. Emissions by counties were further
2 Anthropogenic Emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and NH 3 in China
17