porphyrin cored [5]rotaxane. Org Lett 15:338–341; (g) Li H, Li X, Cao ZQ, Qu DH, Ågren H,
Tian H (2014) A switchable bis-branched [1]rotaxane featuring dual-mode molecular motions
and tunable molecular aggregation. ACS App Mater Interfaces 6:18921–18929; (h) Zhou W,
Wu Y, Zhai BQ, Wang QC, Qu DH (2014) An anthracene-containing bistable [2]rotaxane
featuring color and fluorescence changes. RSC Adv 4:5148–5151; (i) Liu Y, Zhang Q, Jin WH,
Xu TY, Qu DH, Tian H (2018) Bistable [2]rotaxane encoding an orthogonally tunable fluorescent molecular system including white-light emission. Chem Commun 54:10642–10645
47. (a) Blanco V, Carlone A, Hänni KD, Leigh DA, Lewandowski B (2012) A rotaxane-based
switchable organocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:5166–5169; (b) Schmittel M, Pramanik S,
De S (2012) A reversible nanoswitch as an ON-OFF photocatalyst. Chem Commun
48:11730–11732; (c) De S, Pramanik S, Schmittel M (2014) A toggle nanoswitch alternately
controlling two catalytic reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:14255–14259; (d) Blanco V, Leigh
DA, Marcos V (2015) Artificial switchable catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 44:5341–5370
48. (a) Leigh DA, Marcos V, Wilson MR (2014) Rotaxane catalysts. ACS Catal 4:4490–4497;
(b) Blanco V, Leigh DA, Lewandowska U, Lewandowski B, Marcos V (2014) Exploring the
activation modes of a rotaxane-based switchable organocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc
136:15775–15780; (c) Blanco V, Leigh DA, Marcos V, Morales-Serna JA, Nussbaumer AL
(2014) A switchable [2]rotaxane asymmetric organocatalyst that utilizes an acyclic chiral
secondary amine. J Am Chem Soc 136:4905–4908; (d) Hoekman S, Kitching MO, Leigh
DA, Papmeyer M, Roke D (2015) Goldberg active template synthesis of a [2]rotaxane ligand
for asymmetric transition-metal catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 137:7656–7659
49. Qu DH, Tian H (2013) Synthetic small-molecule walkers at work. Chem Sci 4:3031–3035
50. Bath J, Turberfield AJ (2007) DNA nanomachines. Nat Nanotechnol 2:275–284
51. Lewandowski B, Bo GD, Ward JW, Papmeyer M, Kuschel S, Aldegunde MJ, Gramlich PME,
Heckmann D, Goldup SM, D’Souza DM, Fernandes AE, Leigh DA (2013) Sequence-specific
peptide synthesis by an artificial small-molecule machine. Science 339:189–193
52. Vinothkumar KR, Henderson R (2010) Structures of membrane proteins. Q Rev Biophys
43:65–158
53. Skou JC (1998) The identification of the sodium-potassium pump (Nobel lecture). Angew
Chem Int Ed 37:2320–2328
54. Boyer PD (1998) Energy, life, and atp (Nobel lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed 37:2296–2307
55. Bennett I, Farfano HMV, Bogani F, Primak A, Liddell PA, Otero L, Sereno L, Silber JJ, Moore
AL, Moore TA, Gust D (2002) Active transport of Ca
2+ by an artificial photosynthetic
membrane. Nature 420:398–401
56. Ragazzon G, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Venturi M, Credi A (2015) Light-powered autonomous and
directional molecular motion of a dissipative self-assembling system. Nat Nanotechnol 10:70–75
57. (a) Cheng C, McGonigal PR, Schneebeli ST, Li H, Vermeulen NA, Ke C, Stoddart JF (2015) An
artificial molecular pump. Nat Nanotechnol 10:547–553; (b) Cheng CY, McGonigal PR,
Stoddart JF, Astumian RD (2015) Design and synthesis of nonequilibrium systems. ACS
Nano 9:8672–8688
58. Coskun A, Wesson PJ, Klajn R, Trabolsi A, Fang L, Olson MA, Dey SK, Grzybowski BA,
Stoddart JF (2010) Molecular-mechanical switching at the nanoparticle-solvent interface:
practice and theory. J Am Chem Soc 132:4310–4320
59. Cao ZQ, Luan ZL, Zhang Q, Gu RR, Ren J, Qu DH (2016) An acid/base responsive side-chain
polyrotaxane system with a fluorescent signal. Polym Chem 7:1866–1870
60. Cao ZQ, Miao Q, Zhang Q, Li H, Qu DH, Tian H (2015) A fluorescent bistable [2] rotaxane
molecular switch on SiO 2 nanoparticles. Chem Commun 51:4973–4976
61. Liu Y, Flood AH, Bonvallet PA, Vignon SA, Northrop BH, Tseng HR, Jeppesen JO, Huang T,
Brough B, Baller M, Magonov S, Solares SD, Goddard WA, Ho CM, Stoddart JF (2005) Linear
artificial molecular muscles. J Am Chem Soc 127:9745–9759
62. Zheng YB, Yang YW, Jensen L, Fang L, Juluri BK, Flood AH, Weiss PS, Stoddart JF, Huang TJ
(2009) Active molecular plasmonics: controlling plasmon resonances with molecular switches.
Nano Lett 9:819–825
11 Functional Rotaxanes
309
Tian H (2014) A switchable bis-branched [1]rotaxane featuring dual-mode molecular motions
and tunable molecular aggregation. ACS App Mater Interfaces 6:18921–18929; (h) Zhou W,
Wu Y, Zhai BQ, Wang QC, Qu DH (2014) An anthracene-containing bistable [2]rotaxane
featuring color and fluorescence changes. RSC Adv 4:5148–5151; (i) Liu Y, Zhang Q, Jin WH,
Xu TY, Qu DH, Tian H (2018) Bistable [2]rotaxane encoding an orthogonally tunable fluorescent molecular system including white-light emission. Chem Commun 54:10642–10645
47. (a) Blanco V, Carlone A, Hänni KD, Leigh DA, Lewandowski B (2012) A rotaxane-based
switchable organocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:5166–5169; (b) Schmittel M, Pramanik S,
De S (2012) A reversible nanoswitch as an ON-OFF photocatalyst. Chem Commun
48:11730–11732; (c) De S, Pramanik S, Schmittel M (2014) A toggle nanoswitch alternately
controlling two catalytic reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:14255–14259; (d) Blanco V, Leigh
DA, Marcos V (2015) Artificial switchable catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 44:5341–5370
48. (a) Leigh DA, Marcos V, Wilson MR (2014) Rotaxane catalysts. ACS Catal 4:4490–4497;
(b) Blanco V, Leigh DA, Lewandowska U, Lewandowski B, Marcos V (2014) Exploring the
activation modes of a rotaxane-based switchable organocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc
136:15775–15780; (c) Blanco V, Leigh DA, Marcos V, Morales-Serna JA, Nussbaumer AL
(2014) A switchable [2]rotaxane asymmetric organocatalyst that utilizes an acyclic chiral
secondary amine. J Am Chem Soc 136:4905–4908; (d) Hoekman S, Kitching MO, Leigh
DA, Papmeyer M, Roke D (2015) Goldberg active template synthesis of a [2]rotaxane ligand
for asymmetric transition-metal catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 137:7656–7659
49. Qu DH, Tian H (2013) Synthetic small-molecule walkers at work. Chem Sci 4:3031–3035
50. Bath J, Turberfield AJ (2007) DNA nanomachines. Nat Nanotechnol 2:275–284
51. Lewandowski B, Bo GD, Ward JW, Papmeyer M, Kuschel S, Aldegunde MJ, Gramlich PME,
Heckmann D, Goldup SM, D’Souza DM, Fernandes AE, Leigh DA (2013) Sequence-specific
peptide synthesis by an artificial small-molecule machine. Science 339:189–193
52. Vinothkumar KR, Henderson R (2010) Structures of membrane proteins. Q Rev Biophys
43:65–158
53. Skou JC (1998) The identification of the sodium-potassium pump (Nobel lecture). Angew
Chem Int Ed 37:2320–2328
54. Boyer PD (1998) Energy, life, and atp (Nobel lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed 37:2296–2307
55. Bennett I, Farfano HMV, Bogani F, Primak A, Liddell PA, Otero L, Sereno L, Silber JJ, Moore
AL, Moore TA, Gust D (2002) Active transport of Ca
2+ by an artificial photosynthetic
membrane. Nature 420:398–401
56. Ragazzon G, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Venturi M, Credi A (2015) Light-powered autonomous and
directional molecular motion of a dissipative self-assembling system. Nat Nanotechnol 10:70–75
57. (a) Cheng C, McGonigal PR, Schneebeli ST, Li H, Vermeulen NA, Ke C, Stoddart JF (2015) An
artificial molecular pump. Nat Nanotechnol 10:547–553; (b) Cheng CY, McGonigal PR,
Stoddart JF, Astumian RD (2015) Design and synthesis of nonequilibrium systems. ACS
Nano 9:8672–8688
58. Coskun A, Wesson PJ, Klajn R, Trabolsi A, Fang L, Olson MA, Dey SK, Grzybowski BA,
Stoddart JF (2010) Molecular-mechanical switching at the nanoparticle-solvent interface:
practice and theory. J Am Chem Soc 132:4310–4320
59. Cao ZQ, Luan ZL, Zhang Q, Gu RR, Ren J, Qu DH (2016) An acid/base responsive side-chain
polyrotaxane system with a fluorescent signal. Polym Chem 7:1866–1870
60. Cao ZQ, Miao Q, Zhang Q, Li H, Qu DH, Tian H (2015) A fluorescent bistable [2] rotaxane
molecular switch on SiO 2 nanoparticles. Chem Commun 51:4973–4976
61. Liu Y, Flood AH, Bonvallet PA, Vignon SA, Northrop BH, Tseng HR, Jeppesen JO, Huang T,
Brough B, Baller M, Magonov S, Solares SD, Goddard WA, Ho CM, Stoddart JF (2005) Linear
artificial molecular muscles. J Am Chem Soc 127:9745–9759
62. Zheng YB, Yang YW, Jensen L, Fang L, Juluri BK, Flood AH, Weiss PS, Stoddart JF, Huang TJ
(2009) Active molecular plasmonics: controlling plasmon resonances with molecular switches.
Nano Lett 9:819–825
11 Functional Rotaxanes
309