Rev Phys Chem 64:605–630; (d) Klajn R, Stoddart JF, Grzybowski BA (2010) Nanoparticles
functionalised with reversible molecular and supramolecular switches. Chem Soc Rev
39:2203–2237; (e) Fahrenbach AC, Warren SC, Incorvati JT, Avestro AJ, Barnes JC, Stoddart
JF, Grzybowski BA (2013) Organic switches for surfaces and devices. Adv Mater 25:331–348;
(f) Yang YW, Sun YL, Song N (2014) Switchable host-guest systems on surfaces. Acc Chem
Res 47:1950–1960; (g) Yang H, Yuan B, Zhang X, Scherman OA (2014) Supramolecular
chemistry at interfaces: host-guest interactions for fabricating multifunctional biointerfaces. Acc
Chem Res 47:2106–2115; (h) Zhang Q, Qu DH (2016) Artificial molecular machine
immobilized surfaces: a new platform to construct functional materials. ChemPhysChem.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201501048
17. (a) Zdobinsky T, Maiti PS, Klajn R (2014) Support curvature and conformational freedom
control chemical reactivity of immobilized species. J Am Chem Soc 136:2711–2714;
(b) Moldt T, Brete D, Przyrembel D, Das S, Goldman JR, Kundu PK, Gah C, Klajn R, Weinelt
M (2015) Tailoring the properties of surface-immobilized azobenzenes by monolayer dilution
and surface curvature. Langmuir 31:1048–1057
18. (a) Berna J, Leigh DA, Lubomska M, Mendoza SM, Pérez EM, Rudolf P, Tepbaldi G, Zerbetto
F (2005) Macroscopic transport by synthetic molecular machines. Nat Mater 4:704–710; (b) Liu
y, Flood AH, Bonvallet PA, Vignon SA, Northrop BH, Tseng HR, Jeppesen JO, Huang T,
Brough B, Baller M, Magonov S, Solares SD, Goddard WA, Ho CM, Stoddart JF (2005) Linear
artificial molecular muscles. J Am Chem Soc 127:9745–9759; (c) Cecconello A, Lu CH,
Elbaz J, Willner I (2013) Au nanoparticle/DNA rotaxane hybrid nanostructures exhibiting
switchable fluorescence properties. Nano Lett 13:6275–6280; (d) Li H, Tan LL, Jia P, Li QL,
Sun YL, Zhang J, Ning YQ, Yu J, Yang YW (2014) Near-infrared light-responsive supramolecular nanovalve based on mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorods. Chem Sci 5:2804–2808
19. (a) Olson MA, Coskun A, Klajn R, Fang L, Dey SK, Browne KP, Grzybowski BA, Stoddart JF
(2009) Assembly of polygonal nanoparticle clusters directed by reversible noncovalent bonding
interactions. Nano Lett 9:3185–3190; (b) Yao Y, Wang Y, Huang F (2014) Synthesis of various
supramolecular hybrid nanostructures based on pillar[6]arene modified gold nanoparticles/nanorods and their application in pH- and NIR-triggered controlled release. Chem Sci 5:4312–4316
20. Zhu KL, O’Keefe CA, Vukotic VN, Schurko RW, Loeb SJ (2015) A molecular shuttle that
operates inside a metal-organic framework. Nat Chem 7:514–519
21. Song N, Yang YW (2015) Molecular and supramolecular switches on mesoporous silica
nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 44:3474–3504
22. (a) Collins CG, Peck EM, Kramer PJ, Smith BD (2013) Squaraine rotaxane shuttle as a
ratiometric deep-red optical chloride sensor. Chem Sci 4:2557–2563; (b) Langton MJ, Beer
PD (2014) Rotaxane and catenane host structures for sensing charged guest species. Acc Chem
Res 47:1935–1949
23. (a) Wan P, Xing Y, Chen Y, Chi L, Zhang X (2011) Host-guest chemistry at interface for
photoswitchable bioelectrocatalysis. Chem Commun 47:5994–5996; (b) Wang PB, Wang YP,
Jiang YG, Xu HP, Zhang X (2009) Fabrication of reactivated biointerface for dual-controlled
reversible immobilization of cytochrome C. Adv Mater 21:4362–4365
24. (a) Huang F, Scherman OA (2012) Supramolecular polymers. Chem Soc Rev 41:5879–5880;
(b) Yan X, Wang F, Zheng B, Huang FH (2012) Stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymeric
materials. Chem Soc Rev 41:6042–6065; (c) Chen H, Ma X, Wu S, Tian H (2014) A rapidly
self-healing supramolecular polymer hydrogel with photostimulated room-temperature phosphorescence responsiveness. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:14149–14152
25. (a) Meyer CD, Joiner CS, Stoddart JF (2007) Template-directed synthesis employing reversible
imine bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 36:1705–1723; (b) Wu J, Leung KCF, Stoddart JF (2007)
Efficient production of [n]rotaxanes using template-directed clipping reactions. Pro Nat Aca Sci
USA 104:17266–17271; (c) Qu DH, Tian H (2011) Novel and efficient templates for assembly
of rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem Sci 2:1011–1015
26. (a) Hänni KD, Leigh DA (2010) The application of CuAAC ‘click’ chemistry to catenane and
rotaxane synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 39:1240–1251; (b) Cao ZQ, Wang YC, Zou AH, London G,
306
C.-X. Zhao et al.
functionalised with reversible molecular and supramolecular switches. Chem Soc Rev
39:2203–2237; (e) Fahrenbach AC, Warren SC, Incorvati JT, Avestro AJ, Barnes JC, Stoddart
JF, Grzybowski BA (2013) Organic switches for surfaces and devices. Adv Mater 25:331–348;
(f) Yang YW, Sun YL, Song N (2014) Switchable host-guest systems on surfaces. Acc Chem
Res 47:1950–1960; (g) Yang H, Yuan B, Zhang X, Scherman OA (2014) Supramolecular
chemistry at interfaces: host-guest interactions for fabricating multifunctional biointerfaces. Acc
Chem Res 47:2106–2115; (h) Zhang Q, Qu DH (2016) Artificial molecular machine
immobilized surfaces: a new platform to construct functional materials. ChemPhysChem.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201501048
17. (a) Zdobinsky T, Maiti PS, Klajn R (2014) Support curvature and conformational freedom
control chemical reactivity of immobilized species. J Am Chem Soc 136:2711–2714;
(b) Moldt T, Brete D, Przyrembel D, Das S, Goldman JR, Kundu PK, Gah C, Klajn R, Weinelt
M (2015) Tailoring the properties of surface-immobilized azobenzenes by monolayer dilution
and surface curvature. Langmuir 31:1048–1057
18. (a) Berna J, Leigh DA, Lubomska M, Mendoza SM, Pérez EM, Rudolf P, Tepbaldi G, Zerbetto
F (2005) Macroscopic transport by synthetic molecular machines. Nat Mater 4:704–710; (b) Liu
y, Flood AH, Bonvallet PA, Vignon SA, Northrop BH, Tseng HR, Jeppesen JO, Huang T,
Brough B, Baller M, Magonov S, Solares SD, Goddard WA, Ho CM, Stoddart JF (2005) Linear
artificial molecular muscles. J Am Chem Soc 127:9745–9759; (c) Cecconello A, Lu CH,
Elbaz J, Willner I (2013) Au nanoparticle/DNA rotaxane hybrid nanostructures exhibiting
switchable fluorescence properties. Nano Lett 13:6275–6280; (d) Li H, Tan LL, Jia P, Li QL,
Sun YL, Zhang J, Ning YQ, Yu J, Yang YW (2014) Near-infrared light-responsive supramolecular nanovalve based on mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorods. Chem Sci 5:2804–2808
19. (a) Olson MA, Coskun A, Klajn R, Fang L, Dey SK, Browne KP, Grzybowski BA, Stoddart JF
(2009) Assembly of polygonal nanoparticle clusters directed by reversible noncovalent bonding
interactions. Nano Lett 9:3185–3190; (b) Yao Y, Wang Y, Huang F (2014) Synthesis of various
supramolecular hybrid nanostructures based on pillar[6]arene modified gold nanoparticles/nanorods and their application in pH- and NIR-triggered controlled release. Chem Sci 5:4312–4316
20. Zhu KL, O’Keefe CA, Vukotic VN, Schurko RW, Loeb SJ (2015) A molecular shuttle that
operates inside a metal-organic framework. Nat Chem 7:514–519
21. Song N, Yang YW (2015) Molecular and supramolecular switches on mesoporous silica
nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 44:3474–3504
22. (a) Collins CG, Peck EM, Kramer PJ, Smith BD (2013) Squaraine rotaxane shuttle as a
ratiometric deep-red optical chloride sensor. Chem Sci 4:2557–2563; (b) Langton MJ, Beer
PD (2014) Rotaxane and catenane host structures for sensing charged guest species. Acc Chem
Res 47:1935–1949
23. (a) Wan P, Xing Y, Chen Y, Chi L, Zhang X (2011) Host-guest chemistry at interface for
photoswitchable bioelectrocatalysis. Chem Commun 47:5994–5996; (b) Wang PB, Wang YP,
Jiang YG, Xu HP, Zhang X (2009) Fabrication of reactivated biointerface for dual-controlled
reversible immobilization of cytochrome C. Adv Mater 21:4362–4365
24. (a) Huang F, Scherman OA (2012) Supramolecular polymers. Chem Soc Rev 41:5879–5880;
(b) Yan X, Wang F, Zheng B, Huang FH (2012) Stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymeric
materials. Chem Soc Rev 41:6042–6065; (c) Chen H, Ma X, Wu S, Tian H (2014) A rapidly
self-healing supramolecular polymer hydrogel with photostimulated room-temperature phosphorescence responsiveness. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:14149–14152
25. (a) Meyer CD, Joiner CS, Stoddart JF (2007) Template-directed synthesis employing reversible
imine bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 36:1705–1723; (b) Wu J, Leung KCF, Stoddart JF (2007)
Efficient production of [n]rotaxanes using template-directed clipping reactions. Pro Nat Aca Sci
USA 104:17266–17271; (c) Qu DH, Tian H (2011) Novel and efficient templates for assembly
of rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem Sci 2:1011–1015
26. (a) Hänni KD, Leigh DA (2010) The application of CuAAC ‘click’ chemistry to catenane and
rotaxane synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 39:1240–1251; (b) Cao ZQ, Wang YC, Zou AH, London G,
306
C.-X. Zhao et al.