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Angew Chem Int Ed 44:4844–4870; (b) Behrend R, Meyer E, Rusche F. I. Ueber
condensationsproducte aus glycoluril und formaldehyd. (1905) Liebigs Ann Chem 339:1–37
18. Ogoshi T, Kanai S, Fujinami S, Yamagishi TA, Nakamoto Y. para-Bridged symmetrical pillar
[5]arenes: their lewis acid catalyzed synthesis and host–guest property. (2008) J Am Chem Soc
130:5022–5023
19. (a) Sauvage JP. From chemical topology to molecular machines (Nobel Lecture). (2017) Angew
Chem Int Ed 56:11080–11093; (b) Stoddart JF. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs)—
molecular shuttles, switches, and machines (Nobel Lecture). (2017) Angew Chem Int Ed
56:11094–11125
20. Odell B, Reddington MV, Slawin AMZ, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, Williams DJ. Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). A tetracationic multipurpose receptor. (1988) Angew Chem Int Ed
27:1547–1550
21. Trabolsi A, Khashab N, Fahrenbach AC, Friedman DC, Colvin MT, Coti KK, Benitez D,
Tkatchouk E, Olsen JC, Belowich ME, Carmielli R, Khatib HA, Goddard WA, Wasielewski
MR, Stoddart JF. Radically enhanced molecular recognition. (2010) Nat Chem 2:42–49
22. Allwood BL, Spencer N, Shahriarizavareh H, Stoddart JF, Williams DJ. Complexation of
paraquat by a bisparaphenylene-34-crown-10 derivative. (1987) J Chem Soc Chem Comm
1064–1066
23. Asakawa M, Dehaen W, Labbe G, Menzer S, Nouwen J, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, Williams
DJ. Improved template-directed synthesis of Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). (1996) J Org
Chem 61:9591–9595
24. Sue CH, Basu S, Fahrenbach AC, Shveyd AK, Dey SK, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Enabling
tetracationic cyclophane production by trading templates. (2010) Chem Sci 1:119–125
25. Barnes JC, Juricek M, Vermeulen NA, Dale EJ, Stoddart JF. Synthesis of Ex
n
Box cyclophanes.
(2013) J Org Chem 78:11962–11969
26. Anelli PL, Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Delgado M, Gandolfi MT, Goodnow TT, Kaifer
AE, Philp D, Pietraszkiewicz M, Prodi L, Reddington MV, Slawin AMZ, Spencer N, Stoddart
JF, Vicent C, Williams DJ. Molecular meccano. 1. [2]rotaxanes and a [2]catenane made to order.
(1992) J Am Chem Soc 114:193–218
27. (a) Cordova E, Bissell RA, Spencer N, Ashton PR, Stoddart JF, Kaifer AE. Novel rotaxanes
based on the inclusion complexation of biphenyl guests by cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene).
(1993) J Org Chem 58:6550–6552; (b) Cordova E, Bissell RA, Kaifer AE. Synthesis and
electrochemical properties of redox-active [2]rotaxanes based on the inclusion complexation of
1,4-phenylenediamine and benzidine by cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (1995) J Org Chem
60:1033–1038
28. Ikeda T, Aprahamian I, Stoddart JF. Blue-colored donorÀacceptor [2]rotaxane. (2007) Org Lett
9:1481–1484
29. Ballardini R, Balzani V, Credi A, Brown CL, Gillard RE, Montalti M, Philp D, Stoddart JF,
Venturi M, White AJP, Williams BJ, Williams DJ. Controlling Ccatenations, properties and
relative ring-component movements in catenanes with aromatic fluorine substituents. (1997) J
Am Chem Soc 119:12503–12513
30. Castro R, Nixon KR, Evanseck JD, Kaifer AE. Effects of side arm length and structure of parasubstituted phenyl derivatives on their binding to the host cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene).
(1996) J Org Chem 61:7298–7303
31. Kosower EM, Cotter JL. Stable Free Radicals. II. The reduction of 1-methyl-4-cyanopyridinium
ion to methylviologen cation radical. (1964) J Am Chem Soc 86:5524
32. Yoshizawa M, Kumazawa K, Fujita M. Room-temperature and solution-state observation of the
mixed-valence cation radical dimer of tetrathiafulvalene, [(TTF) 2 ]
+• , within a self-assembled
cage. (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:13456–13457
33. Wu YL, Frasconi M, Gardner DM, McGonigal PR, Schneebeli ST, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart
JF. Electron delocalization in a rigid cofacial naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) dimer.
(2014) Angew Chem Int Ed 53:9476–9481; Angew Chem 2014, 126:9630–9635
78
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Angew Chem Int Ed 44:4844–4870; (b) Behrend R, Meyer E, Rusche F. I. Ueber
condensationsproducte aus glycoluril und formaldehyd. (1905) Liebigs Ann Chem 339:1–37
18. Ogoshi T, Kanai S, Fujinami S, Yamagishi TA, Nakamoto Y. para-Bridged symmetrical pillar
[5]arenes: their lewis acid catalyzed synthesis and host–guest property. (2008) J Am Chem Soc
130:5022–5023
19. (a) Sauvage JP. From chemical topology to molecular machines (Nobel Lecture). (2017) Angew
Chem Int Ed 56:11080–11093; (b) Stoddart JF. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs)—
molecular shuttles, switches, and machines (Nobel Lecture). (2017) Angew Chem Int Ed
56:11094–11125
20. Odell B, Reddington MV, Slawin AMZ, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, Williams DJ. Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). A tetracationic multipurpose receptor. (1988) Angew Chem Int Ed
27:1547–1550
21. Trabolsi A, Khashab N, Fahrenbach AC, Friedman DC, Colvin MT, Coti KK, Benitez D,
Tkatchouk E, Olsen JC, Belowich ME, Carmielli R, Khatib HA, Goddard WA, Wasielewski
MR, Stoddart JF. Radically enhanced molecular recognition. (2010) Nat Chem 2:42–49
22. Allwood BL, Spencer N, Shahriarizavareh H, Stoddart JF, Williams DJ. Complexation of
paraquat by a bisparaphenylene-34-crown-10 derivative. (1987) J Chem Soc Chem Comm
1064–1066
23. Asakawa M, Dehaen W, Labbe G, Menzer S, Nouwen J, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, Williams
DJ. Improved template-directed synthesis of Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). (1996) J Org
Chem 61:9591–9595
24. Sue CH, Basu S, Fahrenbach AC, Shveyd AK, Dey SK, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Enabling
tetracationic cyclophane production by trading templates. (2010) Chem Sci 1:119–125
25. Barnes JC, Juricek M, Vermeulen NA, Dale EJ, Stoddart JF. Synthesis of Ex
n
Box cyclophanes.
(2013) J Org Chem 78:11962–11969
26. Anelli PL, Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Delgado M, Gandolfi MT, Goodnow TT, Kaifer
AE, Philp D, Pietraszkiewicz M, Prodi L, Reddington MV, Slawin AMZ, Spencer N, Stoddart
JF, Vicent C, Williams DJ. Molecular meccano. 1. [2]rotaxanes and a [2]catenane made to order.
(1992) J Am Chem Soc 114:193–218
27. (a) Cordova E, Bissell RA, Spencer N, Ashton PR, Stoddart JF, Kaifer AE. Novel rotaxanes
based on the inclusion complexation of biphenyl guests by cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene).
(1993) J Org Chem 58:6550–6552; (b) Cordova E, Bissell RA, Kaifer AE. Synthesis and
electrochemical properties of redox-active [2]rotaxanes based on the inclusion complexation of
1,4-phenylenediamine and benzidine by cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (1995) J Org Chem
60:1033–1038
28. Ikeda T, Aprahamian I, Stoddart JF. Blue-colored donorÀacceptor [2]rotaxane. (2007) Org Lett
9:1481–1484
29. Ballardini R, Balzani V, Credi A, Brown CL, Gillard RE, Montalti M, Philp D, Stoddart JF,
Venturi M, White AJP, Williams BJ, Williams DJ. Controlling Ccatenations, properties and
relative ring-component movements in catenanes with aromatic fluorine substituents. (1997) J
Am Chem Soc 119:12503–12513
30. Castro R, Nixon KR, Evanseck JD, Kaifer AE. Effects of side arm length and structure of parasubstituted phenyl derivatives on their binding to the host cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene).
(1996) J Org Chem 61:7298–7303
31. Kosower EM, Cotter JL. Stable Free Radicals. II. The reduction of 1-methyl-4-cyanopyridinium
ion to methylviologen cation radical. (1964) J Am Chem Soc 86:5524
32. Yoshizawa M, Kumazawa K, Fujita M. Room-temperature and solution-state observation of the
mixed-valence cation radical dimer of tetrathiafulvalene, [(TTF) 2 ]
+• , within a self-assembled
cage. (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:13456–13457
33. Wu YL, Frasconi M, Gardner DM, McGonigal PR, Schneebeli ST, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart
JF. Electron delocalization in a rigid cofacial naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) dimer.
(2014) Angew Chem Int Ed 53:9476–9481; Angew Chem 2014, 126:9630–9635
78
H. Li et al.