621
based biogas. However, interventions by government and non-governmental
organizations (NGO) are needed in the form of technical and financial support for building such biogas plants.
(ix) Strategies of mitigating the global warming (e.g., proper feeding systems,
stocking rates, and choice of animal breeds) must also be implemented.
(x) Payments for carbon credits or ecosystem services as an incentive to farmers
to adopt climate-smart practices should be encouraged. This initiative can
lead to farmers ‘triple win’ outcomes for climate adaptation, food security,
and livelihoods of participating farmers via the provision of carbon
payments.
(xi) Technologies such as biochar can be added to soil to enhance its agricultural
and environmental value since it is stable in the soil, acts as a good liming
agent, and increases soil moisture when combined with CA.
(xii) Value addition, access to markets, and farmer-centric business models are
key to sustainable production systems and building resilience of crop and
livestock smallholder farmers.
(xiii) Adoption of innovative technologies for smallholder farmers (e.g., CA, integrated nutrient management, integrated dairy and cropping systems) can
enhance and sustain farm-productivity and income.
(xiv) There is also a potential of adopting integrated aquaculture for improving
food security and ensuring diversification of diets, as the systems generate
both animal proteins and vegetables.
(xv) There is a need for up-scaling and disseminating the proven technologies/
innovations to smallholders and seeking clearance from the agricultural technology clearing committees of the respective countries.
(xvi) Development of evidence-based policy briefs for consideration by relevant
policy institutions is necessary for the application of technologies by smallholder farmers. To enable farmers to take full responsibilities to manage their
lands, empowerment of farmers through associations and extension services
is unavoidable, while ensuring profitability of farming enterprises through
reliable markets.
(xvii) Conducting research on adoption of climate smart agriculture technologies
and systems must be given a high priority to build resilience of smallholder
farmer communities.
References
Amuri NA (2015) Enhancing Resilience of Food Production Systems under Changing Climate and
Soil Degradation in Semi-arid and Highlands of Tanzania. In: R. Lal et al. (eds.), Sustainable
Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa. Springer
International Publishing Switzerland, pp 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09360-4
Arsenault C (2014) Only 60 years of farming left if soil degradation continues. Sci Am (https://www.
scientificamerican.com/article/only-60-year-of-farming-left-if-soil-degradation-continues)
Knowledge Gaps and Research Priorities
based biogas. However, interventions by government and non-governmental
organizations (NGO) are needed in the form of technical and financial support for building such biogas plants.
(ix) Strategies of mitigating the global warming (e.g., proper feeding systems,
stocking rates, and choice of animal breeds) must also be implemented.
(x) Payments for carbon credits or ecosystem services as an incentive to farmers
to adopt climate-smart practices should be encouraged. This initiative can
lead to farmers ‘triple win’ outcomes for climate adaptation, food security,
and livelihoods of participating farmers via the provision of carbon
payments.
(xi) Technologies such as biochar can be added to soil to enhance its agricultural
and environmental value since it is stable in the soil, acts as a good liming
agent, and increases soil moisture when combined with CA.
(xii) Value addition, access to markets, and farmer-centric business models are
key to sustainable production systems and building resilience of crop and
livestock smallholder farmers.
(xiii) Adoption of innovative technologies for smallholder farmers (e.g., CA, integrated nutrient management, integrated dairy and cropping systems) can
enhance and sustain farm-productivity and income.
(xiv) There is also a potential of adopting integrated aquaculture for improving
food security and ensuring diversification of diets, as the systems generate
both animal proteins and vegetables.
(xv) There is a need for up-scaling and disseminating the proven technologies/
innovations to smallholders and seeking clearance from the agricultural technology clearing committees of the respective countries.
(xvi) Development of evidence-based policy briefs for consideration by relevant
policy institutions is necessary for the application of technologies by smallholder farmers. To enable farmers to take full responsibilities to manage their
lands, empowerment of farmers through associations and extension services
is unavoidable, while ensuring profitability of farming enterprises through
reliable markets.
(xvii) Conducting research on adoption of climate smart agriculture technologies
and systems must be given a high priority to build resilience of smallholder
farmer communities.
References
Amuri NA (2015) Enhancing Resilience of Food Production Systems under Changing Climate and
Soil Degradation in Semi-arid and Highlands of Tanzania. In: R. Lal et al. (eds.), Sustainable
Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa. Springer
International Publishing Switzerland, pp 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09360-4
Arsenault C (2014) Only 60 years of farming left if soil degradation continues. Sci Am (https://www.
scientificamerican.com/article/only-60-year-of-farming-left-if-soil-degradation-continues)
Knowledge Gaps and Research Priorities