231
17. In general, the cycle after equilibrium of the system has been
achieved is selected for analysis in the case of membranes.
However, when thermoresponsive phenomena are involved,
which are expected to be nonreversible in most cases of drug
delivery nanosystems, all individual cycles could hold essential
information on the behavior of these systems.
18. The second heating scan is identical with the third and the first
cooling scan is identical to the second.
19. Each analysis may be normalized per total sample weight, per
lipid weight/moles, or per polymer weight/moles. In the case
of membranes, normalization usually is done per lipid.
However, phenomena that are of polymeric nature, such as
the LCST, should be normalized per polymer.
20. The new phase that is created by incorporating the copolymers
inside the lipidic membrane is characterized as nonequilibrium/metastable and nonreversible-phase thermoresponsive
functional phase.
21. The total biomaterial concentration of 5 mg mL
−1
includes the
phospholipid and copolymer.
22. Hydration is carried out at temperatures where the phospholipids are in their liquid crystalline state, which is of increased
mobility and allows for self-assembly in vesicles. Herein, polymer insertion affects the main transition temperature and as a
result hydration temperature must be higher than for DPPC.
23. The nanosystems should be checked for any aggregation phenomena during the early steps in hydration and vortexed adequately in such a case, in order to resuspend the particles.
24. Probe sonication leads to high energy input to the sample and
this leads to very high temperatures, which are expected to set
off the thermoresponsive behavior of the chimeric nanosystems. However, since no agglomeration occurs during this
procedure and in addition the thermoresponsive behavior was
detected later during physicochemical characterization, it is
concluded that this does not happen and probe sonication
facilitates the polymer incorporation inside the membrane.
25. Liposomal formulation is left to achieve an equilibrium state
after any size reduction method, especially if this includes high
energy input.
26. Samples must be diluted before measurement, in order to have
the appropriate intensity of scattered light during DLS measurements. This varies, depending on the instrument utilized,
but generally a value of 300–500 KCps is acceptable.
27. HPLC-grade or deionized H 2 O is used as diluent, in order to
avoid any ingredients that might interfere with the measurement. In certain cases, buffers may be preferable to dilute a
Thermodynamics and Functionality of Thermoresponsive Chimeric Nanosystems
17. In general, the cycle after equilibrium of the system has been
achieved is selected for analysis in the case of membranes.
However, when thermoresponsive phenomena are involved,
which are expected to be nonreversible in most cases of drug
delivery nanosystems, all individual cycles could hold essential
information on the behavior of these systems.
18. The second heating scan is identical with the third and the first
cooling scan is identical to the second.
19. Each analysis may be normalized per total sample weight, per
lipid weight/moles, or per polymer weight/moles. In the case
of membranes, normalization usually is done per lipid.
However, phenomena that are of polymeric nature, such as
the LCST, should be normalized per polymer.
20. The new phase that is created by incorporating the copolymers
inside the lipidic membrane is characterized as nonequilibrium/metastable and nonreversible-phase thermoresponsive
functional phase.
21. The total biomaterial concentration of 5 mg mL
−1
includes the
phospholipid and copolymer.
22. Hydration is carried out at temperatures where the phospholipids are in their liquid crystalline state, which is of increased
mobility and allows for self-assembly in vesicles. Herein, polymer insertion affects the main transition temperature and as a
result hydration temperature must be higher than for DPPC.
23. The nanosystems should be checked for any aggregation phenomena during the early steps in hydration and vortexed adequately in such a case, in order to resuspend the particles.
24. Probe sonication leads to high energy input to the sample and
this leads to very high temperatures, which are expected to set
off the thermoresponsive behavior of the chimeric nanosystems. However, since no agglomeration occurs during this
procedure and in addition the thermoresponsive behavior was
detected later during physicochemical characterization, it is
concluded that this does not happen and probe sonication
facilitates the polymer incorporation inside the membrane.
25. Liposomal formulation is left to achieve an equilibrium state
after any size reduction method, especially if this includes high
energy input.
26. Samples must be diluted before measurement, in order to have
the appropriate intensity of scattered light during DLS measurements. This varies, depending on the instrument utilized,
but generally a value of 300–500 KCps is acceptable.
27. HPLC-grade or deionized H 2 O is used as diluent, in order to
avoid any ingredients that might interfere with the measurement. In certain cases, buffers may be preferable to dilute a
Thermodynamics and Functionality of Thermoresponsive Chimeric Nanosystems