206
which has been extensively used for various pharmaceuticals due to
its ability to overcome pharmaceutical formulation challenges,
such as water solubility, surface charge, systemic toxicity, short
half-life, and drug plasma protein binding. However, despite the
benefits of PEGylation technology, there are some limitations
which may arise during the formulation process [63] such as extensive PEGylation that may lead to increased viscosity and reduced
surface charges, subsequently decreasing binding affinity between
the drug molecule and cells [64]. Thus, the optimum surface modification by PEGylation of NPs in a drug delivery system is an
important parameter to achieve the right balance between drug
molecule diffusion and prolonged drug clearance time [65].
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much interest in
many applications, particularly in anticancer drug delivery systems
due to their ability to overcome toxicity, a controlled and release
profile, and improved drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Polymeric NPs are particulate dispersions or
solid particles in the submicron range, between 10 and 1000 nm in
size. Several methods have been developed to prepare polymeric
NPs for drug delivery; these methods rely on the direct synthesis
from preformed polymer material or polymerization. Current
techniques allow the preparation of nanoemulsions with an uniform and submicron particle size, which may be scaled up to produce large quantities [66]. However, these methods include solvent
evaporation, nanoprecipitation, emulsification/solvent diffusion,
salting out, dialysis, and supercritical fluid technology.
Several laboratory-scale preparation methods have been developed
to prepare polymeric nanoparticle drug delivery systems classified
according to the macromolecules of polymer used or polymerization method used in the preparation of NPs [67]. Solvent evaporation was the first method developed to prepare polymeric
nanoparticles (Fig. 3). This method includes two steps and begins
by preparation of an emulsion using a high-speed homogenizer or
ultrasonication method, followed by evaporation of the solvent by
a continuous magnetic stirrer at room temperature. The solid
nanoparticle suspension is then obtained by centrifugation.
Recently, a few organic volatile solvents were used to overcome the
high toxicity profile of solvents [68].
The use of high-energy-intensity ultrasound is an effective tool in
several industries, providing a versatile method for the preparation
of a nanostructure drug delivery system [69]. The effects of ultrasound arise from the physical phenomena named acoustic cavitation, where nanosized particles are formed, grow, and collapse
under the influence of sound [70]. In pharmaceutical application,
this technique can be used to produce new material suitable for
1.9 Preparation
Methods
for Nanoparticle Drug
Delivery System
1.10 Solvent
Evaporation
1.11 Ultrasonic
Cavitation
Ali Ben Taleb et al.
which has been extensively used for various pharmaceuticals due to
its ability to overcome pharmaceutical formulation challenges,
such as water solubility, surface charge, systemic toxicity, short
half-life, and drug plasma protein binding. However, despite the
benefits of PEGylation technology, there are some limitations
which may arise during the formulation process [63] such as extensive PEGylation that may lead to increased viscosity and reduced
surface charges, subsequently decreasing binding affinity between
the drug molecule and cells [64]. Thus, the optimum surface modification by PEGylation of NPs in a drug delivery system is an
important parameter to achieve the right balance between drug
molecule diffusion and prolonged drug clearance time [65].
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much interest in
many applications, particularly in anticancer drug delivery systems
due to their ability to overcome toxicity, a controlled and release
profile, and improved drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Polymeric NPs are particulate dispersions or
solid particles in the submicron range, between 10 and 1000 nm in
size. Several methods have been developed to prepare polymeric
NPs for drug delivery; these methods rely on the direct synthesis
from preformed polymer material or polymerization. Current
techniques allow the preparation of nanoemulsions with an uniform and submicron particle size, which may be scaled up to produce large quantities [66]. However, these methods include solvent
evaporation, nanoprecipitation, emulsification/solvent diffusion,
salting out, dialysis, and supercritical fluid technology.
Several laboratory-scale preparation methods have been developed
to prepare polymeric nanoparticle drug delivery systems classified
according to the macromolecules of polymer used or polymerization method used in the preparation of NPs [67]. Solvent evaporation was the first method developed to prepare polymeric
nanoparticles (Fig. 3). This method includes two steps and begins
by preparation of an emulsion using a high-speed homogenizer or
ultrasonication method, followed by evaporation of the solvent by
a continuous magnetic stirrer at room temperature. The solid
nanoparticle suspension is then obtained by centrifugation.
Recently, a few organic volatile solvents were used to overcome the
high toxicity profile of solvents [68].
The use of high-energy-intensity ultrasound is an effective tool in
several industries, providing a versatile method for the preparation
of a nanostructure drug delivery system [69]. The effects of ultrasound arise from the physical phenomena named acoustic cavitation, where nanosized particles are formed, grow, and collapse
under the influence of sound [70]. In pharmaceutical application,
this technique can be used to produce new material suitable for
1.9 Preparation
Methods
for Nanoparticle Drug
Delivery System
1.10 Solvent
Evaporation
1.11 Ultrasonic
Cavitation
Ali Ben Taleb et al.