203
Nanotechnology is an emerging area gaining increased attention in
many applications with a great capability to resolve problems associated with many daily applications. Nanotechnology as a science
refers to the understanding, manipulation, and development of
material at the nanometer scale, where unique physical and chemical properties can serve different applications, as well as society
[39]. Moreover, nanoparticle drug delivery systems are a very
promising technology, especially for anticancer drugs due to their
ability to reduce side effects, high specificity to cancer cells, and
capability of improving drug solubility and cellular accessibility
[40]. Furthermore, this technology enables precision targeting
and surface modification, and has the potential to enhance the
drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as controlled sustained drug release at the site of the disease [41].
Recently, research has focused on the use of nanostructure materials for drug delivery carriers to increase therapeutic effect of many
anticancer drugs [42]. In general, nanoparticle drug delivery systems can be classified into two groups, inorganic and organic
nanoparticles.
Organic nanostructure-based drug delivery systems are highly
promising for the development of efficient anticancer drug systems. They have been extensively investigated, and their success
has been demonstrated in many clinical applications, with many in
different phases of clinical trials [43]. They are beneficial in the
design of many efficient anticancer drug formulations, especially
those poorly soluble drugs, due to their benefits such as improved
solubility, stability, safety, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and
controlled drug release [44]. Moreover, organic polymeric
nanoparticles have the ability to alter their composition, surface
properties, and shape, which all lead to improved overall properties
[45]. To date, several synthetic and natural polymeric nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems have been developed (Table 1) and are
available commercially [46].
The most widely investigated synthetic polymers are poly
(lactic- co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) copolymer, polycaprolactone
(PCL), polylactide (PL), and polyacrylates (PA). Meanwhile, several natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate, and albumin have
been extensively explored for many drugs [47]. Recently, two types
have been used for the formulation of anticancer drug including
nanosized spheres and nanosized capsules depending on their
composition. However, particle aggregations, physical properties,
and drug dose uniformity are the main limitations of using polymeric or organic nanostructure drug delivery systems [48].
Despite the expansion in anticancer drug research, the number of
novel anticancer drugs that reach the pharmaceutical market has
dramatically decreased, with some being dropped from the devel1.4 Nanostructure
Material in Anticancer
Drug Delivery System
1.5 Polymeric
Nanoparticle Drug
Delivery Systems
Antitumor Efficacy of Ceranib-2 with Nano-Formulation of PEG and Rosin Esters
Nanotechnology is an emerging area gaining increased attention in
many applications with a great capability to resolve problems associated with many daily applications. Nanotechnology as a science
refers to the understanding, manipulation, and development of
material at the nanometer scale, where unique physical and chemical properties can serve different applications, as well as society
[39]. Moreover, nanoparticle drug delivery systems are a very
promising technology, especially for anticancer drugs due to their
ability to reduce side effects, high specificity to cancer cells, and
capability of improving drug solubility and cellular accessibility
[40]. Furthermore, this technology enables precision targeting
and surface modification, and has the potential to enhance the
drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as controlled sustained drug release at the site of the disease [41].
Recently, research has focused on the use of nanostructure materials for drug delivery carriers to increase therapeutic effect of many
anticancer drugs [42]. In general, nanoparticle drug delivery systems can be classified into two groups, inorganic and organic
nanoparticles.
Organic nanostructure-based drug delivery systems are highly
promising for the development of efficient anticancer drug systems. They have been extensively investigated, and their success
has been demonstrated in many clinical applications, with many in
different phases of clinical trials [43]. They are beneficial in the
design of many efficient anticancer drug formulations, especially
those poorly soluble drugs, due to their benefits such as improved
solubility, stability, safety, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and
controlled drug release [44]. Moreover, organic polymeric
nanoparticles have the ability to alter their composition, surface
properties, and shape, which all lead to improved overall properties
[45]. To date, several synthetic and natural polymeric nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems have been developed (Table 1) and are
available commercially [46].
The most widely investigated synthetic polymers are poly
(lactic- co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) copolymer, polycaprolactone
(PCL), polylactide (PL), and polyacrylates (PA). Meanwhile, several natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate, and albumin have
been extensively explored for many drugs [47]. Recently, two types
have been used for the formulation of anticancer drug including
nanosized spheres and nanosized capsules depending on their
composition. However, particle aggregations, physical properties,
and drug dose uniformity are the main limitations of using polymeric or organic nanostructure drug delivery systems [48].
Despite the expansion in anticancer drug research, the number of
novel anticancer drugs that reach the pharmaceutical market has
dramatically decreased, with some being dropped from the devel1.4 Nanostructure
Material in Anticancer
Drug Delivery System
1.5 Polymeric
Nanoparticle Drug
Delivery Systems
Antitumor Efficacy of Ceranib-2 with Nano-Formulation of PEG and Rosin Esters