393
T–T
Index
Sugar cane 116, 130, 255, 351
– cultivation of 130
– harvest 131
– plantation 131
Sulfatations 51
Sulfate process 148, 158, 207
– continuous 149
– discontinuous 149
– flow scheme 149
Sulfates 51
Sulfate turpentine 223
Sulfation 51
– continuous 53
– in the tube bundle reactor 54
– of fatty alcohol ethoxylates 54
– of fatty alcohols, flow diagram 53
– plants 51
– products 51
– reactors 53
– temperature profile 54
Sulfite 149
Sulfite process 149, 158
– of cellulose production 149
Sulfite waste liquor 148, 317
Sulfochlorides 62
Sulfochlorination 62
Sulfofatty
– acid esters 43
– acids 62
Sulfonated naphthenic acids 39
Sulfonation 51, 62
– degrees 54
– regioselective 62
Sulfonic acids 51, 62
Sulfoxidation 62
Sulfur 243
Sulfuric acid 39, 100
– half esters of 51, 53
Sulfur monochloride 244
Sulfur trioxide 51
Sumitomo 299
Sump phase hydrogenation 47
Sunflower 25, 33
– harvesting of 25
– high oleic 25
Sunflower oil 20, 25, 303, 304
– high oleic 21
– new 25
– old 25
– prices of 31
– production of 31, 32
Sunflower seeds 25
Supercritical
– carbon dioxide 283, 318
– water gasification (SCWG), of glycerol 106
Surface cleaning of metals 58
Surfactant 43, 50, 51, 54, 63, 72, 73, 100,
128, 134
– cationic 56
– non‐ionic 50
– primary 52
– secondary 52
Suspended catalyst 47
Sustainability 8, 344
Sutures 329
Sweetener 123, 136, 137, 168, 170, 256,
259
– isomaltulose 136
Swelling starches 167
Switchgrass 213
SWOT analysis 10
Symrise 313
Syngas 105
Synthesis gas 6, 69, 105, 107, 352
– applications 105
– biorefinery 345, 352
– from glycerol 105
Synthesis power of nature 9
Synthetic
– fatty alcohols 47
– fragrances 320
– fragrances and flavors 315
– fuels 352
– glycerol 92
– indigo 272
– lubricants 65, 70
– substances 316
– vanillin 317
T
Table tennis balls 329
Tagetone 223
Tall oil 149
Tallow 31
– production of 31
– saponification 43
Tanabe 299
Tandem reaction 69
Tanning 329
Tapioca 139
Tar dye industry 269
Tar dyes 266
Tartronic acid 104
Taurine 228, 229, 232
Tea 281
– bush 281
– leaves 318
Tecnaro 210
Tein 281
Telomerization 100
– of sucrose with butadiene 134
Tencel fiber 153
Terephthalic acid 102, 121
– potential replacement 336
Terpenes 4, 219, 232, 288
– biological function 222
– cyclic 222
– elemental composition 11
– history 221
– occurence 222
– structure 220
– tricyclic 222
– tetracyclisation 288
Terpenoids 3, 217, 220
Terpentine oil 223
Terpinenes 225
Terpineols 225, 226
Terpinolene 226
Terpinols 225
Terra di Sienna 274
Tertiary fatty amines 57
Testosterone 232, 290
Tetradecanol 125
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 147
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) 120, 122
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 122
Tetrahydrothiophene 310
Tetraterpenes 231–233, 273
Tetroles 98
Tetrose 114
Textile 146
– auxiliary 55, 96
– cleaning 58
– dyes 268
– fibre, dying 268
– fibres 154
– industry, use of starch 172
– softeners 104
– washing 43
Thermal oxidative degradation 243
Thermoplastic 118
– biocompatible 118
– starch 168, 329
Thermostatic reactor 53
Thiamine 296, 297, 305
Thickening agent 157, 186, 330
Thick juice 132
Thin film evaporator 91, 128
Thinned starch 168
Thionyl chloride 57
Thixotropic 153
Thomson, Robert William 244
Threats 10
Threonine 253, 257
Thujanone 227
Thujene 227
Thyroid disorders 258
Tilghman, Benjamin 149
Tin
– catalysis 64
– catalysts 57, 97
Tire 237
– press 246
– production 245, 247
– structure 245
Tissue engineering 330
Titanium catalysts 82, 84
Titration 24
Tobacco industry 93
Tocopherols 303, 306
– antioxidant effect 304
– production 304
Toilet waters 310
Toluene 318
Tomatoes 298
TON, see turnover numbers
Tonic water 284
T–T
Index
Sugar cane 116, 130, 255, 351
– cultivation of 130
– harvest 131
– plantation 131
Sulfatations 51
Sulfate process 148, 158, 207
– continuous 149
– discontinuous 149
– flow scheme 149
Sulfates 51
Sulfate turpentine 223
Sulfation 51
– continuous 53
– in the tube bundle reactor 54
– of fatty alcohol ethoxylates 54
– of fatty alcohols, flow diagram 53
– plants 51
– products 51
– reactors 53
– temperature profile 54
Sulfite 149
Sulfite process 149, 158
– of cellulose production 149
Sulfite waste liquor 148, 317
Sulfochlorides 62
Sulfochlorination 62
Sulfofatty
– acid esters 43
– acids 62
Sulfonated naphthenic acids 39
Sulfonation 51, 62
– degrees 54
– regioselective 62
Sulfonic acids 51, 62
Sulfoxidation 62
Sulfur 243
Sulfuric acid 39, 100
– half esters of 51, 53
Sulfur monochloride 244
Sulfur trioxide 51
Sumitomo 299
Sump phase hydrogenation 47
Sunflower 25, 33
– harvesting of 25
– high oleic 25
Sunflower oil 20, 25, 303, 304
– high oleic 21
– new 25
– old 25
– prices of 31
– production of 31, 32
Sunflower seeds 25
Supercritical
– carbon dioxide 283, 318
– water gasification (SCWG), of glycerol 106
Surface cleaning of metals 58
Surfactant 43, 50, 51, 54, 63, 72, 73, 100,
128, 134
– cationic 56
– non‐ionic 50
– primary 52
– secondary 52
Suspended catalyst 47
Sustainability 8, 344
Sutures 329
Sweetener 123, 136, 137, 168, 170, 256,
259
– isomaltulose 136
Swelling starches 167
Switchgrass 213
SWOT analysis 10
Symrise 313
Syngas 105
Synthesis gas 6, 69, 105, 107, 352
– applications 105
– biorefinery 345, 352
– from glycerol 105
Synthesis power of nature 9
Synthetic
– fatty alcohols 47
– fragrances 320
– fragrances and flavors 315
– fuels 352
– glycerol 92
– indigo 272
– lubricants 65, 70
– substances 316
– vanillin 317
T
Table tennis balls 329
Tagetone 223
Tall oil 149
Tallow 31
– production of 31
– saponification 43
Tanabe 299
Tandem reaction 69
Tanning 329
Tapioca 139
Tar dye industry 269
Tar dyes 266
Tartronic acid 104
Taurine 228, 229, 232
Tea 281
– bush 281
– leaves 318
Tecnaro 210
Tein 281
Telomerization 100
– of sucrose with butadiene 134
Tencel fiber 153
Terephthalic acid 102, 121
– potential replacement 336
Terpenes 4, 219, 232, 288
– biological function 222
– cyclic 222
– elemental composition 11
– history 221
– occurence 222
– structure 220
– tricyclic 222
– tetracyclisation 288
Terpenoids 3, 217, 220
Terpentine oil 223
Terpinenes 225
Terpineols 225, 226
Terpinolene 226
Terpinols 225
Terra di Sienna 274
Tertiary fatty amines 57
Testosterone 232, 290
Tetradecanol 125
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 147
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) 120, 122
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 122
Tetrahydrothiophene 310
Tetraterpenes 231–233, 273
Tetroles 98
Tetrose 114
Textile 146
– auxiliary 55, 96
– cleaning 58
– dyes 268
– fibre, dying 268
– fibres 154
– industry, use of starch 172
– softeners 104
– washing 43
Thermal oxidative degradation 243
Thermoplastic 118
– biocompatible 118
– starch 168, 329
Thermostatic reactor 53
Thiamine 296, 297, 305
Thickening agent 157, 186, 330
Thick juice 132
Thin film evaporator 91, 128
Thinned starch 168
Thionyl chloride 57
Thixotropic 153
Thomson, Robert William 244
Threats 10
Threonine 253, 257
Thujanone 227
Thujene 227
Thyroid disorders 258
Tilghman, Benjamin 149
Tin
– catalysis 64
– catalysts 57, 97
Tire 237
– press 246
– production 245, 247
– structure 245
Tissue engineering 330
Titanium catalysts 82, 84
Titration 24
Tobacco industry 93
Tocopherols 303, 306
– antioxidant effect 304
– production 304
Toilet waters 310
Toluene 318
Tomatoes 298
TON, see turnover numbers
Tonic water 284